diff --git a/createToken.c b/createToken.c
index b90d487..b0161ab 100644
--- a/createToken.c
+++ b/createToken.c
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ main(int argc, char * argv[])
                 sizeof(DYNTYPE_HASH),
                 data));
 
-    json     = toJson(packet);
+    toJson(packet, &json);
     json_str = json_object_to_json_string(json);
     length   = strlen(json_str);
 
diff --git a/include/token/cclass.h b/include/token/cclass.h
index f5ea742..86681c3 100644
--- a/include/token/cclass.h
+++ b/include/token/cclass.h
@@ -33,41 +33,48 @@
 #define ENDC(_class)    } * _class; \
     extern const _CCLASS const __##_class;
 
-#define INIT_CCLASS(class, jsonConst, toJson) \
-    static const struct CCLASS _class = { \
-        CCLASS_MAGIC, \
-        sizeof(struct _##class), \
-        (ctor)__construct, \
-        (jCtor)jsonConst, \
-        (dtor)__destruct, \
-        (jTo)toJson \
-    }; const _CCLASS const __##class = (const _CCLASS const)&_class
-
-
-
 typedef void (* ctor)(void *, va_list *);
 typedef void (* dtor)(void *);
 typedef void (* jCtor)(void *, struct json_object *);
-typedef struct json_object * (* jTo)(void *);
+typedef void (* jTo)(void *, struct json_object **);
 
 
 typedef struct CCLASS {
     const int magic;
     size_t size;
     void (* __construct)(void * _this, va_list * params);
-    void (* __jsonConst)(void * _this, struct json_object * json);
     void (* __destruct)(void * _this);
-    struct json_object * (* __toJson)(void * _this);
+    void (* __jsonConst)(void * _this, struct json_object * json);
+    void (* __toJson)(void * _this, struct json_object ** json);
 } * _CCLASS;
 #define CCLASS_PTR_SIZE     sizeof(struct CCLASS *)
 #define CCLASS_SIZE         sizeof(struct CCLASS)
 
-void *               _new(const _CCLASS _class, ...);
-void *               _newFromJson(const _CCLASS _class, struct json_object * json);
-void                 delete(void * _object);
-struct json_object * toJson(void * _object);
-int                  isObject(void * _object);
-int                  _instanceOf(const _CCLASS _class, void * _object);
+#define __construct(class)  static void __construct(class _this, va_list * params)
+#define __destruct(class)   static void __destruct(class _this)
+#define __jsonConst(class)  static void __jsonConst(class _this, struct json_object * json)
+#define __toJson(class)     static void __toJson(class _this, struct json_object ** json)
+
+#define INIT_CCLASS(class) \
+    __construct(class); \
+    __destruct(class); \
+    __jsonConst(class); \
+    __toJson(class); \
+    static const struct CCLASS _class = { \
+        CCLASS_MAGIC, \
+        sizeof(struct _##class), \
+        (ctor)__construct, \
+        (dtor)__destruct, \
+        (jCtor)__jsonConst, \
+        (jTo)__toJson \
+    }; const _CCLASS __##class = (const _CCLASS)&_class
+
+void * _new(const _CCLASS _class, ...);
+void * _newFromJson(const _CCLASS _class, struct json_object * json);
+void   delete(void * _object);
+void   toJson(void * _object, struct json_object ** json);
+int    isObject(void * _object);
+int    _instanceOf(const _CCLASS _class, void * _object);
 
 #define new(class, ...) _new((__##class), __VA_ARGS__)
 #define newFromJson(class, json) _newFromJson((__##class), (json))
diff --git a/include/token/dyntype.h b/include/token/dyntype.h
index 87f11cf..3e6b73c 100644
--- a/include/token/dyntype.h
+++ b/include/token/dyntype.h
@@ -16,17 +16,16 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 #ifndef __DYNTYPE_H__
+
+#ifndef __DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
+#include "token/dyntype/hash.h"
+#endif//__DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
+
 #define __DYNTYPE_H__
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
-
 #include "token/cclass.h"
 
-struct _DYNTYPE;
-
-#include "token/dyntype/hash.h"
-
-
 enum DYNTYPE_TYPES {
     DYNTYPE_TYPE_NULL = 0,
     DYNTYPE_TYPE_BOOLEAN,
@@ -51,6 +50,8 @@ CLASS(DYNTYPE)
     } data;
 ENDC(DYNTYPE)
 
+#include "token/dyntype/hash.h"
+
 #endif//__DYNTYPE_H__
 
 // vim: set et ts=4 sw=4:
diff --git a/include/token/dyntype/hash.h b/include/token/dyntype/hash.h
index 7096fbc..02e3455 100644
--- a/include/token/dyntype/hash.h
+++ b/include/token/dyntype/hash.h
@@ -16,25 +16,33 @@
  * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 #ifndef __DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
-#define __DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
-
 #include "token/cclass.h"
-#include "token/dyntype.h"
 
+#ifndef __DYNTYPE_H__
+
+struct _DYNTYPE_HASH;
+#define DYNTYPE_HASH struct _DYNTYPE_HASH *
+
+#else
+
+#undef DYNTYPE_HASH
+#define __DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
 
 CLASS(DYNTYPE_HASH)
     char ** keys;
-    struct _DYNTYPE ** values;
+    DYNTYPE * values;
     size_t size;
     size_t used;
 ENDC(DYNTYPE_HASH)
 
 
 void    dyntype_hash_set(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key, struct _DYNTYPE * value);
-struct _DYNTYPE * dyntype_hash_get(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key);
-struct _DYNTYPE * dyntype_hash_del(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key);
+DYNTYPE dyntype_hash_get(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key);
+void    dyntype_hash_del(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key);
+
+#endif
 
 #endif//__DYNTYPE_HASH_H__
 
diff --git a/src/cclass.c b/src/cclass.c
index 9b16bb0..6d1713b 100644
--- a/src/cclass.c
+++ b/src/cclass.c
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
 
 #include "token/cclass.h"
 
+#undef __construct
+#undef __destruct
+#undef __jsonConst
+#undef __toJson
 
 void *
 _new(const _CCLASS _class, ...)
@@ -70,16 +74,14 @@ delete(void * _object)
     *(void**)_object = NULL;
 }
 
-struct json_object *
-toJson(void * _object)
+void
+toJson(void * _object, struct json_object ** json)
 {
     const struct CCLASS ** class = _object;
 
     if (_object && *class && (*class)->__toJson) {
-        return (*class)->__toJson(_object);
+        (*class)->__toJson(_object, json);
     }
-
-    return NULL;
 }
 
 int
diff --git a/src/crypt.c b/src/crypt.c
index e056e6f..3bde1ee 100644
--- a/src/crypt.c
+++ b/src/crypt.c
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
 #include "token/crypt.h"
 
 
-static
-void
-__construct(CRYPT _this, va_list * params)
+INIT_CCLASS(CRYPT);
+
+__construct(CRYPT)
 {
     _this->algorithm = va_arg(* params, const char * const);
     _this->mode      = va_arg(* params, const char * const);
@@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ __construct(CRYPT _this, va_list * params)
     _this->keysize = mcrypt_enc_get_key_size(_this->mcrypt);
 }
 
-static
-void
-__destruct(CRYPT _this)
+__destruct(CRYPT)
 {
     if (_this->iv) {
         free(_this->iv);
@@ -56,7 +54,8 @@ __destruct(CRYPT _this)
     mcrypt_module_close(_this->mcrypt);
 }
 
-INIT_CCLASS(CRYPT, NULL, NULL);
+__jsonConst(CRYPT) {}
+__toJson(CRYPT) {}
 
 void *
 crypt_createIv(CRYPT _this)
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ createKey(CRYPT _this, const char * const password)
             _this->keysize,
             NULL,
             0,
-            (char *)password, // @TODO: bad karma...now this might change password.
+            (mutils_word8 *)password, // @TODO: bad karma...this might change password.
             strlen(password));
 
     return key;
diff --git a/src/dyntype.c b/src/dyntype.c
index e764e76..516fbe6 100644
--- a/src/dyntype.c
+++ b/src/dyntype.c
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 #include "token/dyntype/hash.h"
 
 
-static
-void
-__construct(DYNTYPE _this, va_list * params)
+INIT_CCLASS(DYNTYPE);
+
+__construct(DYNTYPE)
 {
     _this->type = va_arg(* params, enum DYNTYPE_TYPES);
     _this->size = va_arg(* params, size_t);
@@ -50,9 +50,7 @@ __construct(DYNTYPE _this, va_list * params)
     }
 }
 
-static
-void
-__jsonConst(DYNTYPE _this, struct json_object * json)
+__jsonConst(DYNTYPE)
 {
     switch (json_object_get_type(json)) {
         case json_type_int:
@@ -86,9 +84,7 @@ __jsonConst(DYNTYPE _this, struct json_object * json)
     }
 }
 
-static
-void
-__destruct(DYNTYPE _this)
+__destruct(DYNTYPE)
 {
     if (_this) {
         switch(_this->type) {
@@ -106,32 +102,24 @@ __destruct(DYNTYPE _this)
     }
 }
 
-static
-struct json_object *
-__toJson(DYNTYPE _this)
+__toJson(DYNTYPE)
 {
-    struct json_object * json = NULL;
-
     switch(_this->type) {
         case DYNTYPE_TYPE_INT:
-            json = json_object_new_int((_this->data)._int);
+            *json = json_object_new_int((_this->data)._int);
             break;
 
         case DYNTYPE_TYPE_STRING:
-            json = json_object_new_string((_this->data)._string);
+            *json = json_object_new_string((_this->data)._string);
             break;
 
         case DYNTYPE_TYPE_HASH:
-            json = toJson((_this->data)._hash);
+            toJson((_this->data)._hash, json);
             break;
 
         default:
-            json = NULL;
+            *json = NULL;
     }
-
-    return json;
 }
 
-INIT_CCLASS(DYNTYPE, __jsonConst, __toJson);
-
 // vim: set et ts=4 sw=4:
diff --git a/src/dyntype/hash.c b/src/dyntype/hash.c
index dc2aa1e..306098d 100644
--- a/src/dyntype/hash.c
+++ b/src/dyntype/hash.c
@@ -29,18 +29,17 @@
 
 static void _updateHashSize(DYNTYPE_HASH _this);
 
-static
-void
-__construct(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, va_list * params)
+INIT_CCLASS(DYNTYPE_HASH);
+
+__construct(DYNTYPE_HASH)
 {
     _this->size = 0;
     _this->used = 0;
     _updateHashSize(_this);
 }
+#undef __construct
 
-static
-void
-__jsonConst(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, struct json_object * json)
+__jsonConst(DYNTYPE_HASH)
 {
     __construct(_this, NULL);
 
@@ -53,9 +52,7 @@ __jsonConst(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, struct json_object * json)
     }
 }
 
-static
-void
-__destruct(DYNTYPE_HASH _this)
+__destruct(DYNTYPE_HASH)
 {
     size_t index;
 
@@ -67,24 +64,19 @@ __destruct(DYNTYPE_HASH _this)
     free(_this->values);
 }
 
-static
-struct json_object *
-__toJson(DYNTYPE_HASH _this)
+__toJson(DYNTYPE_HASH)
 {
     size_t index;
-    struct json_object * json = json_object_new_object();
+    *json = json_object_new_object();
 
     for (index = 0; index < _this->used; index ++) {
-        json_object_object_add(
-                json,
-                _this->keys[index],
-                toJson(_this->values[index]));
-    }
+        struct json_object * values;
 
-    return json;
-}
+        toJson(_this->values[index], &values);
 
-INIT_CCLASS(DYNTYPE_HASH, __jsonConst, __toJson);
+        json_object_object_add(*json, _this->keys[index], values);
+    }
+}
 
 static
 void
@@ -137,7 +129,8 @@ dyntype_hash_set(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key, DYNTYPE value)
     _updateHashSize(_this);
 }
 
-DYNTYPE dyntype_hash_get(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key)
+DYNTYPE
+dyntype_hash_get(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key)
 {
     size_t index = _getHashIdx(_this, key);
 
@@ -148,9 +141,9 @@ DYNTYPE dyntype_hash_get(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key)
     return _this->values[index];
 }
 
-DYNTYPE dyntype_hash_del(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key)
+void
+dyntype_hash_del(DYNTYPE_HASH _this, const char * key)
 {
-    DYNTYPE found = NULL;
     size_t index = _getHashIdx(_this, key);
 
     if (index == _this->used) {
diff --git a/src/packet.c b/src/packet.c
index 3367564..9a37ef9 100644
--- a/src/packet.c
+++ b/src/packet.c
@@ -20,16 +20,14 @@
 #include "token/packet.h"
 
 
-static
-void
-__construct(PACKET _this, va_list * params)
+INIT_CCLASS(PACKET);
+
+__construct(PACKET)
 {
     packet_set_default_content(_this);
 }
 
-static
-void
-__jsonConst(PACKET _this, struct json_object * json)
+__jsonConst(PACKET)
 {
     struct json_object * header = NULL;
     struct json_object * data   = NULL;
@@ -51,25 +49,20 @@ __jsonConst(PACKET _this, struct json_object * json)
     packet_setData(_this, newFromJson(DYNTYPE, data));
 }
 
-static
-void
-__destruct(PACKET _this)
-{
-}
+__destruct(PACKET) {}
 
-static
-struct json_object *
-__toJson(PACKET _this)
+__toJson(PACKET)
 {
-    struct json_object * json = json_object_new_array();
+    struct json_object * value;
 
-    json_object_array_add(json, toJson(packet_getHeader(_this)));
-    json_object_array_add(json, toJson(packet_getData(_this)));
+    *json = json_object_new_array();
 
-    return json;
-}
+    toJson(packet_getHeader(_this), &value);
+    json_object_array_add(*json, value);
 
-INIT_CCLASS(PACKET, __jsonConst, __toJson);
+    toJson(packet_getData(_this), &value);
+    json_object_array_add(*json, value);
+}
 
 DYNTYPE packet_getHeader(PACKET _this)
 {
diff --git a/tests/cclassTest.c b/tests/cclassTest.c
index 4b69753..ba27b2b 100644
--- a/tests/cclassTest.c
+++ b/tests/cclassTest.c
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ testToJson(void)
     int value;
 
     _reset();
-    json = toJson(mock);
+    toJson(mock, &json);
 
     ASSERT_NOT_NULL(json);
 
diff --git a/tests/mock/class.c b/tests/mock/class.c
index 237a93a..da28fd3 100644
--- a/tests/mock/class.c
+++ b/tests/mock/class.c
@@ -6,24 +6,15 @@
 
 char _called;
 
-void
-inline
-_reset()
-{
-    _called = 0;
-}
+INIT_CCLASS(MOCK_CLASS);
 
-static
-void
-__construct(MOCK_CLASS _this, va_list * params)
+__construct(MOCK_CLASS)
 {
     _called = 1;
     _this->value = va_arg(* params, int);
 }
 
-static
-void
-__jsonConst(MOCK_CLASS _this, json_object * json)
+__jsonConst(MOCK_CLASS)
 {
     _called = 1;
     assert(json_type_int == json_object_get_type(json));
@@ -31,25 +22,17 @@ __jsonConst(MOCK_CLASS _this, json_object * json)
     _this->value = json_object_get_int(json);
 }
 
-static
-void
-__destruct(MOCK_CLASS _this)
+__destruct(MOCK_CLASS)
 {
     _called = 1;
 }
 
-static
-struct json_object *
-__toJson(MOCK_CLASS _this)
+__toJson(MOCK_CLASS)
 {
-    struct json_object * json = json_object_new_int(_this->value);
-
+    *json   = json_object_new_int(_this->value);
     _called = 1;
-    return json;
 }
 
-INIT_CCLASS(MOCK_CLASS, __jsonConst, __toJson);
-
 /**
  * ~~~ method implementations ~~~~~~~~
  */
diff --git a/tests/mock/class.h b/tests/mock/class.h
index e56dfca..c34d513 100644
--- a/tests/mock/class.h
+++ b/tests/mock/class.h
@@ -3,10 +3,18 @@
 
 #include "token/cclass.h"
 
-
 extern char _called;
 
-extern void inline _reset();
+#ifndef _RESET
+#define _RESET
+void
+inline
+_reset()
+{
+    _called = 0;
+}
+#endif//_RESET
+
 
 CLASS(MOCK_CLASS)
     int value;
diff --git a/tests/packetTest.c b/tests/packetTest.c
index 7b97be8..4f6afe5 100644
--- a/tests/packetTest.c
+++ b/tests/packetTest.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 
 const char testname[]  = "packetTest";
-struct PACKET * packet = NULL;
+PACKET packet = NULL;
 
 
 static
diff --git a/tests/runtest.c b/tests/runtest.c
index 92590ae..8d5dea4 100644
--- a/tests/runtest.c
+++ b/tests/runtest.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ main(int argc, char * argv[])
     printf("running tests for %s\n", testname);
 
     for (index=0; index<count; index++) {
-        int result, _setUp = 0;  // initialize setup to false
+        int result = TEST_ERROR, _setUp = 0;  // initialize setup to false
 
         if (NULL != setUp) {
             if (TEST_OK == (result = setUp())) {