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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
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href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="head">
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<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" height="48"
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src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72" /></a> </p>
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<h1 style="clear:both" id="title">Vocabularies for EmotionML</h1>
|
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<h2 id="W3C-doctype">W3C Working Draft 7 April 2011 </h2>
|
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<dl>
|
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<dt>This version:</dt>
|
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<dd><a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotion-voc-20110407/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotion-voc-20110407/</a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
|
|
<dd><a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/">http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/</a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt>Editors:</dt>
|
|
<dd>Marc Schröder (DFKI GmbH)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Catherine Pelachaud (Telecom ParisTech)</dd>
|
|
<dt>Authors:</dt>
|
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<dd><em>(in alphabetic order)</em></dd>
|
|
<dd>Kazuyuki Ashimura (W3C/Keio)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Paolo Baggia (Loquendo, S.p.A.)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Felix Burkhardt (Deutsche Telekom AG)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Alessandro Oltramari (CNR)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Christian Peter (Fraunhofer Gesellschaft)</dd>
|
|
<dd>Enrico Zovato (Loquendo, S.p.A.)</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
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<p class="copyright"><a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
|
|
2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym
|
|
title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a
|
|
href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym
|
|
title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a
|
|
href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym
|
|
title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>,
|
|
<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
|
|
<a
|
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href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>
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and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
|
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use</a> rules apply.</p>
|
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<hr />
|
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</div>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="abstract">Abstract</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document provides a list of emotion vocabularies that can be used with
|
|
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/">EmotionML</a> to represent emotions
|
|
and related states. EmotionML provides mechanisms to represent emotions in
|
|
terms of scientifically valid descriptors: categories, dimensions, appraisals,
|
|
and action tendencies. Given the lack of agreement in the community, EmotionML
|
|
does not provide a single vocabulary of emotion terms, but gives users a choice
|
|
to select the most suitable emotion vocabulary in their annotations. In order
|
|
to promote interoperability, publicly defined vocabularies should be used where
|
|
possible and reasonable from the point of view of the target application. The
|
|
present document provides a number of emotion vocabularies that can be used for
|
|
this purpose.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="status">Status of this document</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its
|
|
publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C
|
|
publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in
|
|
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
|
|
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This is the First Public Working Draft of "Vocabularies for
|
|
EmotionML", published on 7 April 2011.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document represents an important complement to the Emotion
|
|
Markup Language specification
|
|
[<a href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a>], i.e., a public collection of
|
|
emotion vocabularies that can be used with EmotionML. It was
|
|
originally part of an earlier draft of the EmotionML specification,
|
|
but was moved out of it because of the quasi-static nature of
|
|
Recommendation Track documents. Publishing the vocabularies as a
|
|
separate document allows us to provide updates, extensions and
|
|
corrections of the list of vocabularies as required, without having to
|
|
follow the multiple steps involved in releasing a new version of a
|
|
Recommendation.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The work described here reflects an evolving state of the art on
|
|
Emotion vocabularies. The Working Group believes it is premature to
|
|
propose a normative Recommendation on Vocabularies at this time. The
|
|
Working Group also expects to update this document less frequently
|
|
than the three-month heartbeat target for Recommendation-track Working
|
|
Drafts.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document was developed by the <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/2002/mmi/">Multimodal Interaction Working Group</a>.
|
|
<!--A
|
|
complete <a href="uri-to-list-of-changes">list of changes</a> to this document
|
|
is available.--> It represents consensus in the group's EmotionML subgroup. The
|
|
group is likely to produce new versions of this document, but will strive to
|
|
maintain syntactic compatibility with the current version. In particular the
|
|
XML identifiers of vocabularies and the items in each vocabulary can be
|
|
expected to remain valid with future versions of this Note. It is expected that
|
|
any updates to this document will mostly add new vocabularies, or add
|
|
explanations to existing vocabularies and/or vocabulary items.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Please send comments about this document to <a
|
|
href="mailto:www-multimodal@w3.org">www-multimodal@w3.org</a> (with <a
|
|
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-multimodal/">public
|
|
archive</a>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C
|
|
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted
|
|
by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as
|
|
other than work in progress. </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C
|
|
Patent Policy</a>. The group does not expect this document to become a W3C
|
|
Recommendation. W3C maintains a <a rel="disclosure"
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/34607/status">public list of any patent
|
|
disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that
|
|
page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has
|
|
actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
|
|
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
|
|
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>. </p>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="toc">Table of Contents</h2>
|
|
|
|
<div class="toc">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#intro">1 Introduction</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#categories">2 Emotion category vocabularies</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#big6">2.1 Ekman's "big six" basic emotions</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#everyday-categories">2.2 Everyday emotion
|
|
vocabulary</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#occ-categories">2.3 OCC categories</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#fsre-categories">2.4 FSRE categories</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#frijda-categories">2.5 Frijda's categories</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#dimensions">3 Emotion dimension vocabularies</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#pad-dimensions">3.1 Mehrabian's PAD dimensions</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#fsre-dimensions">3.2 FSRE dimensions</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#intensity-dimension">3.3 The intensity dimension</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#appraisals">4 Appraisal vocabularies</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#occ-appraisals">4.1 OCC appraisals</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#scherer-appraisals">4.2 Scherer's appraisals</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#ema-appraisals">4.3 EMA appraisals</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#action-tendencies">5 Action tendency vocabularies</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#frijda-action-tendencies">5.1 Frijda's action
|
|
tendencies</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#references">6 References</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#tech-refs">6.1 Technical references</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#science-refs">6.2 Scientific references</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="intro">1 Introduction</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This document provides a list of emotion vocabularies that can be used with
|
|
<a href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> to represent emotions and related
|
|
states. EmotionML provides mechanisms to represent emotions in terms of
|
|
scientifically valid descriptors: categories, dimensions, appraisals, and
|
|
action tendencies. Given the lack of agreement in the community, EmotionML does
|
|
not provide a single vocabulary of emotion terms, but gives users a choice to
|
|
select the most suitable emotion vocabulary in their annotations. In order to
|
|
promote interoperability, publicly defined vocabularies should be used where
|
|
possible and reasonable from the point of view of the target application. The
|
|
present document provides a number of emotion vocabularies that can be used for
|
|
this purpose.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The guiding principle for selecting emotion vocabularies for inclusion in
|
|
this document has been to list vocabularies that are either:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>commonly used in technological contexts, or</li>
|
|
<li>represent current emotion models from the scientific literature.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>In addition, given the difficulty to define mappings between emotion
|
|
categories, dimensions, appraisals and action tendencies, we have included
|
|
pairs or groups of vocabularies where these mappings are rather well defined.
|
|
Future versions of EmotionML can use these vocabularies as a starting point to
|
|
define mappings between different emotion descriptions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The selection of emotion vocabularies in this document is necessarily
|
|
incomplete; users are likely to find emotion vocabularies to be missing. There
|
|
are two ways how a user can address this situation. First, users can easily
|
|
write a definition for a custom emotion vocabulary as described in the
|
|
EmotionML specification's section on <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s3">Defining vocabularies</a>. Secondly,
|
|
feedback on the selection of emotion vocabularies in this document is highly
|
|
appreciated. Future versions of this document can include corrections and more
|
|
thorough explanations for the existing vocabularies, and add additional
|
|
vocabularies which may be of interest to a wider audience. Please send comments
|
|
to <a href="mailto:www-multimodal@w3.org">www-multimodal@w3.org</a> (with <a
|
|
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-multimodal/">public
|
|
archive</a>).</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="categories">2 Emotion category vocabularies</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
|
|
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.1"><code><category></code></a>
|
|
element.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="big6">2.1 Ekman's "big six" basic emotions</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>These six terms are proposed by Paul Ekman (<a href="#ref-Ekman1972">Ekman,
|
|
1972</a>, p. 251-252) as basic emotions with universal facial expressions --
|
|
emotions that are recognized and produced in all human cultures.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>anger</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disgust</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>fear</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>happiness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>sadness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>surprise</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this vocabulary</a>
|
|
can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#big6">
|
|
<category name="anger"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="everyday-categories">2.2 Everyday emotion vocabulary</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>These 17 terms are the result of a study by Cowie et al. (<a
|
|
href="#ref-Cowie1999">Cowie et al., 1999</a>) investigating emotions that
|
|
frequently occur in everyday life.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>affectionate</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>afraid</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>amused</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>angry</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>bored</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>confident</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>content</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disappointed</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>excited</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>happy</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>interested</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>loving</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pleased</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relaxed</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>sad</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>satisfied</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>worried</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#everyday-categories">
|
|
<category name="affectionate"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="occ-categories">2.3 OCC categories</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The 22 OCC categories are proposed by Ortony, Clore and Collins (<a
|
|
href="#ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</a>, p. 19) as part of their
|
|
appraisal model. See also <a href="#occ-appraisals">OCC appraisals</a>
|
|
below.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>admiration</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>anger</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disappointment</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>distress</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>fear</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>fears-confirmed</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>gloating</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>gratification</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>gratitude</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>happy-for</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>hate</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>hope</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>joy</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>love</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pity</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pride</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relief</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>remorse</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>reproach</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>resentment</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>satisfaction</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>shame</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#occ-categories">
|
|
<category name="admiration"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="fsre-categories">2.4 FSRE categories</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The 24 FSRE categories are used in the study by Fontaine, Scherer, Roesch
|
|
and Ellsworth (<a href="#ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</a>, p. 1055)
|
|
investigating the dimensionality of emotion space. See also <a
|
|
href="#fsre-dimensions">FSRE dimensions</a> below.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>anger</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>anxiety</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>being hurt</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>compassion</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>contempt</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>contentment</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>despair</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disappointment</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disgust</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>fear</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>guilt</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>happiness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>hate</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>interest</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>irritation</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>jealousy</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>joy</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>love</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pleasure</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pride</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>sadness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>shame</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>stress</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>surprise</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#fsre-categories">
|
|
<category name="anger"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="frijda-categories">2.5 Frijda's categories</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>This category set is included because according to Nico Frijda's proposal of
|
|
action tendencies (<a href="#ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</a>), these
|
|
categories are related to action tendencies. See <a
|
|
href="#frijda-action-tendencies">Frijda's action tendencies</a>, below.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>anger</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'agonistic'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>arrogance</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'approach'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>desire</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'approach'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>disgust</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'rejecting'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>enjoyment</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'being-with'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>fear</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'avoidance'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>humility</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'submitting'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>indifference</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'nonattending'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>interest</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'attending'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>resignation</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'submitting'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>shock</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'interrupting'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>surprise</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to action tendency 'interrupting'</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion category-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#frijda-categories">
|
|
<category name="anger"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="dimensions">3 Emotion dimension vocabularies</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
|
|
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.2"><code><dimension></code></a>
|
|
element.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="pad-dimensions">3.1 Mehrabian's PAD dimensions</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Mehrabian proposed a three-dimensional description of emotion in terms of
|
|
Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance (PAD; <a href="#ref-Mehrabian1996">Mehrabian,
|
|
1996</a>, p. 264).</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>pleasure</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>arousal</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>dominance</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#pad-dimensions">
|
|
<dimension name="pleasure" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="fsre-dimensions">3.2 FSRE dimensions</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The four emotion dimensions obtained in the study by Fontaine, Scherer,
|
|
Roesch and Ellsworth (<a href="#ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</a>, p.
|
|
1051 and 1055) investigating the dimensionality of emotion space. See also <a
|
|
href="#fsre-categories">FSRE categories</a> above.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>valence</code></td>
|
|
<td>also named evaluation or pleasantness</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>potency</code></td>
|
|
<td>also named control</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>arousal</code></td>
|
|
<td>also named activation</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>unpredictability</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#fsre-dimensions">
|
|
<dimension name="valence" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="intensity-dimension">3.3 The intensity dimension</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>Sometimes it is necessary to represent the mere fact that an emotion of some
|
|
undefined nature is present with a certain intensity. This can be achieved
|
|
using the dimension vocabulary consisting of the single dimension
|
|
"intensity".</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>intensity</code></td>
|
|
<td>the intensity of the (unidentified) emotion that is considered to be
|
|
present</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion dimension-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#intensity-dimension">
|
|
<dimension name="intensity" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="appraisals">4 Appraisal vocabularies</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
|
|
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.3"><code><appraisal></code></a>
|
|
element.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="occ-appraisals">4.1 OCC appraisals</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following appraisals were proposed by Ortony, Clore and Collins (<a
|
|
href="#ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</a>) in their appraisal model. See
|
|
also <a href="#occ-categories">OCC categories</a> above.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>desirability</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for event based emotions. (pleased/displeased)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>praiseworthiness</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for attribution emotions. (approving/disapproving)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>appealingness</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for attraction emotions. (liking/disliking)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>desirability-for-other</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the event is desirable for the
|
|
other.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>deservingness</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the other “deserves” the
|
|
event.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>liking</code></td>
|
|
<td>related to fortunes of others. Whether the other is liked or not.
|
|
These distinguish between: happy-for, pity, gloating (schadenfreude),
|
|
and resentment.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>likelihood</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for prospect emotions. (hope/fear)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>effort</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for prospect emotions. How much effort the individual
|
|
invested in the outcome.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>realization</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for prospect emotions. The actual resulting outcome. These
|
|
distinguish between: relief, disappointment, satisfaction, and
|
|
fears-confirmed.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>strength-of-identification</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for attribution emotions. The stronger one identifies with
|
|
the other, that distinguishes between whether pride or admiration is
|
|
felt.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>expectation-of-deviation</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for attribution emotions. Distinguishes whether the other is
|
|
expected to act in the manner deserving of admiration or reproach.
|
|
These distinguish b between: pride, shame, admiration, reproach.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>familiarity</code></td>
|
|
<td>relevant for attraction emotions. (love/hate)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#occ-appraisals">
|
|
<appraisal name="suddenness" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="scherer-appraisals">4.2 Scherer's appraisals</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following list of appraisals was proposed by Klaus Scherer as a sequence
|
|
of Stimulus Evaluation Checks (SECs) in his Component Process Model of emotion
|
|
(<a href="#ref-Scherer1984">Scherer, 1984</a>, p. 310; <a
|
|
href="#ref-Scherer1999">Scherer, 1999</a>, p. 639).</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2">Novelty </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>suddenness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>familiarity</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>predictability</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2">Intrinsic pleasantness </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>intrinsic-pleasantness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2">Goal significance </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relevance-person</code></td>
|
|
<td><p>Relevance to the concerns of the person him- or herself, e.g.
|
|
survival, bodily integrity, fulfillment of basic needs, self-esteem</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relevance-relationship</code></td>
|
|
<td>Relevance to concerns regarding relationships with others, e.g.
|
|
establishment, continued existence and intactness of relationships,
|
|
cohesion of social groups</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relevance-social-order</code></td>
|
|
<td>Relevance to social order, e.g. sense of orderliness, predictability
|
|
in a social environment including fairness & appropriateness</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>outcome-probability</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>consonant-with-expectation</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>goal-conduciveness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>urgency</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2">Coping potential </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>agent-self</code></td>
|
|
<td>The event was caused by the agent him- or herself</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>agent-other</code></td>
|
|
<td>The event was caused by another person</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>agent-nature</code></td>
|
|
<td>The event was caused by chance or by nature</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>cause-intentional</code></td>
|
|
<td>0: caused by negligence, 1: caused intentionally</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>control</code></td>
|
|
<td>Is the event controllable?</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>power</code></td>
|
|
<td>Power of the agent him- or herself</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>adjustment-possible</code></td>
|
|
<td>Is adjustment possible to the agent's own goals?</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2">Compatibility with standards </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>norm-compatibility</code></td>
|
|
<td>Compatibility with external standards, such as norms or demands of a
|
|
reference group</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>self-compatibility </code></td>
|
|
<td>Compatibility with internal standards, such as the self ideal or
|
|
internalized moral code</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#scherer-appraisals">
|
|
<appraisal name="suddenness" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="ema-appraisals">4.3 EMA appraisals</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>The following list of appraisals was compiled by Gratch and Marsella (<a
|
|
href="#ref-GratchMarsella2004">Gratch & Marsella, 2004</a>) for their EMA
|
|
model.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>relevance</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>desirability</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>agency</code></td>
|
|
<td>causal attribution -- who caused the event?</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>blame</code></td>
|
|
<td>blame and credit -- part of causal attribution</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>likelihood</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>unexpectedness</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>urgency</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>ego-involvement</code></td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>controllability</code></td>
|
|
<td>part of coping potential</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>changeability</code></td>
|
|
<td>part of coping potential</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>power</code></td>
|
|
<td>part of coping potential</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>adaptability</code></td>
|
|
<td>part of coping potential</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of this
|
|
vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion appraisal-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#ema-appraisals">
|
|
<appraisal name="relevance" value="0.5"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="action-tendencies">5 Action tendency vocabularies</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>This section provides vocabularies for use with the <a
|
|
href="#ref-emotionml">EmotionML</a> <a
|
|
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotionml/#s2.2.4"><code><action-tendency></code></a>
|
|
element.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="frijda-action-tendencies">5.1 Frijda's action tendencies</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>This set of action tendencies was proposed by Nico Frijda (<a
|
|
href="#ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</a>), who also coined the term 'action
|
|
tendency'. See also <a href="#frijda-categories">Frijda's category set</a>,
|
|
above.</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="defn" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
|
|
summary="vocabulary definition">
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th>Term</th>
|
|
<th>Remarks</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>approach</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed towards access and consummatory activity, related to desire</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>avoidance</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed towards own inaccessibility and protection, related to fear</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>being-with</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at contact and interaction, related to enjoyment</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>attending</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at identification, related to interest</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>rejecting</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at removal of object, related to disgust</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>nonattending</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at selecting, related to indifference</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>agonistic</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at removal of obstruction and regaining control, related to
|
|
anger</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>interrupting</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at reorientation, related to shock and surprise</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>dominating</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at retained control, related to arrogance</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>submitting</code></td>
|
|
<td>aimed at deflecting pressure, related to humility and resignation</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <a href="xml">computer-readable definition of
|
|
this vocabulary</a> can be used in EmotionML as indicated in the following
|
|
example.</p>
|
|
<pre><emotion action-tendency-set="http://www.w3.org/TR/emotion-voc/xml#frijda-action-tendencies">
|
|
<action-tendency name="approach"/>
|
|
</emotion></pre>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="references">6 References</h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="tech-refs">6.1 Technical references</h3>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt id="ref-emotionml">EmotionML</dt>
|
|
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-emotionml-20110407/">Emotion
|
|
Markup Language (EmotionML) 1.0 </a>, M. Schröder, Editor. W3C Last Call
|
|
Working Draft, 7 April 2011. </dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="science-refs">6.2 Scientific references</h3>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Cowie1999">Cowie et al., 1999</dt>
|
|
<dd>Cowie, R., Douglas-Cowie, E., Appolloni, B., Taylor, J., Romano, A.,
|
|
& Fellenz, W. (1999). What a neural net needs to know about emotion
|
|
words. In N. Mastorakis (Ed.), Computational Intelligence and
|
|
Applications (pp. 109-114). World Scientific & Engineering Society
|
|
Press.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Ekman1972">Ekman, 1972</dt>
|
|
<dd>Ekman, P. (1972). <a
|
|
href="http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Universals-And-Cultural-Differences-In-Facial-Expressions-Of.pdf">Universals
|
|
and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion</a>. In J. Cole
|
|
(Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp.207-282). University
|
|
of Nebraska Press.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Fontaine2007">Fontaine et al., 2007</dt>
|
|
<dd>Fontaine, J. R., Scherer, K. R., Roesch, E. B., & Ellsworth, P.
|
|
C.(2007). <a
|
|
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x">The World of
|
|
Emotions Is Not Two-Dimensional</a>. Psychological Science, 18(12),
|
|
1050-1057.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Frijda1986">Frijda, 1986</dt>
|
|
<dd>Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
|
|
Press.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-GratchMarsella2004">Gratch and Marsella, 2004</dt>
|
|
<dd>Gratch, J., & Marsella, S. (2004). <a
|
|
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2004.02.002">A
|
|
domain-independent framework for modeling emotion</a>. Cognitive Systems
|
|
Research, 5(4), 269-306.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Mehrabian1996">Mehrabian, 1996</dt>
|
|
<dd>Mehrabian, A. (1996). <a
|
|
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02686918">Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A
|
|
general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in
|
|
Temperament</a>. Current Psychology, 14(4), 261-292.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Ortony1988">Ortony et al., 1988</dt>
|
|
<dd>Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive
|
|
Structure of Emotion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Scherer1984">Scherer, 1984</dt>
|
|
<dd>Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A
|
|
component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),
|
|
Approaches to emotion (p. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</dd>
|
|
<dt id="ref-Scherer1999">Scherer, 1999</dt>
|
|
<dd>Scherer, K. R. (1999). Appraisal theory. In T. Dalgleish & M. J.
|
|
Power (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition & Emotion (p. 637-663). New York:
|
|
John Wiley.</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p></p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|