Another abandoned server code base... this is kind of an ancestor of taskrambler.
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<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" height="48" src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" width="72"></a></p>
<h1>Web SQL Database</h1>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="note-18-november-2010">W3C Working Group Note 18 November 2010</h2>
<!--
<p style="background: black; color: white; font: 900 2em serif; padding: 0.5em 1em; border: dotted yellow 0.5em; text-align: center">Beware. This specification is no longer in active maintenance.</p>
-->
<dl>
<dt>This Version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-webdatabase-20101118/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-webdatabase-20101118/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest Published Version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webdatabase/">http://www.w3.org/TR/webdatabase/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest Editor's Draft:</dt>
<dd><a class="latest-link" href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/webdatabase/">http://dev.w3.org/html5/webdatabase/</a></dd>
<!-- ZZZ: add the new version after it has shipped-->
<dt>Previous Versions:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091222/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091222/</a></dd>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091029/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091029/</a></dd>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/</a></dd> <!-- yes, storage, not db -->
<!-- :ZZZ -->
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd><a href="mailto:ian@hixie.ch">Ian Hickson</a>, Google, Inc.</dd>
</dl>
<p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a>
&copy; 2010 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide
Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>&reg;</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts
Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.org/"><abbr title="European Research
Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
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and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
use</a> rules apply.</p>
</div><hr class="top"><h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="abstract">Abstract</h2><p>This specification defines an API for storing data in databases
that can be queried using a variant of SQL.
<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="status-of-this-document">Status of This Document</h2>
<!-- intro boilerplate (required) -->
<p style="background: black; color: white; font: 900 2em serif; padding: 0.5em 1em; border: dotted yellow 0.5em; text-align: center">Beware. This specification is no longer in active maintenance and the Web
Applications Working Group does not intend to maintain it further.</p>
<p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the
time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
document. A list of current W3C publications and the most recently
formally published revision of this technical report can be found in
the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a>
at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
<p>
This document is the 18 November 2010 Working Group Note of Web SQL Database.
Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
The W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/webapps/">Web Applications
Working Group</a> is the W3C working group responsible for this document.
</p>
<p class="XXX">This document was on the W3C Recommendation track
but specification work has stopped.
The specification reached an impasse: all
interested implementors have used the same SQL backend (Sqlite), but
we need multiple independent implementations to proceed along a
standardisation path.</p>
<p>The Web Applications Working Group continues work on two other
storage-related specifications:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/">Web Storage</a> and
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/IndexedDB/">Indexed Database API</a>.
</p>
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<p>Implementors should be aware that this specification is not
stable. <strong>Implementors who are not taking part in the
discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from
under them in incompatible ways.</strong> Vendors interested in
implementing this specification
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-->
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or submit them using <a href="http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/enter_bug.cgi?assigned_to=ian%40hixie.ch&amp;blocked=&amp;bug_file_loc=http%3A%2F%2F&amp;bug_severity=normal&amp;bug_status=NEW&amp;comment=&amp;component=Web%20Database%20%28editor%3A%20Ian%20Hickson%29&amp;contenttypeentry=&amp;contenttypemethod=autodetect&amp;contenttypeselection=text%2Fplain&amp;data=&amp;dependson=&amp;description=&amp;form_name=enter_bug&amp;keywords=&amp;maketemplate=Remember%20values%20as%20bookmarkable%20template&amp;op_sys=All&amp;priority=P5&amp;product=WebAppsWG&amp;qa_contact=member-webapi-cvs%40w3.org&amp;rep_platform=All&amp;short_desc=&amp;target_milestone=---&amp;version=unspecified">our
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All feedback is welcome.</p>
<!-- version history or list of changes (required) --><p>The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this
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<!-- required patent boilerplate --><p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5
February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/42538/status" rel="disclosure">public list of
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Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.<h2 class="no-num no-toc" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<!--begin-toc-->
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#introduction"><span class="secno">1 </span>Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#conformance-requirements"><span class="secno">2 </span>Conformance requirements</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#dependencies"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Dependencies</a></ol></li>
<li><a href="#terminology"><span class="secno">3 </span>Terminology</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql"><span class="secno">4 </span>The API</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#databases"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="#parsing-and-processing-sql-statements"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Parsing and processing SQL statements</a></li>
<li><a href="#asynchronous-database-api"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Asynchronous database API</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#executing-sql-statements"><span class="secno">4.3.1 </span>Executing SQL statements</a></li>
<li><a href="#processing-model"><span class="secno">4.3.2 </span>Processing model</a></ol></li>
<li><a href="#synchronous-database-api"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Synchronous database API</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#executing-sql-statements-0"><span class="secno">4.4.1 </span>Executing SQL statements</a></ol></li>
<li><a href="#database-query-results"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Database query results</a></li>
<li><a href="#errors-and-exceptions"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Errors and exceptions</a></ol></li>
<li><a href="#web-sql"><span class="secno">5 </span>Web SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="#disk-space"><span class="secno">6 </span>Disk space</a></li>
<li><a href="#privacy"><span class="secno">7 </span>Privacy</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#user-tracking"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>User tracking</a></li>
<li><a href="#sensitivity-of-data"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Sensitivity of data</a></ol></li>
<li><a href="#security-storage"><span class="secno">8 </span>Security</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#dns-spoofing-attacks"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>DNS spoofing attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="#cross-directory-attacks"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Cross-directory attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="#implementation-risks"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Implementation risks</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-and-user-agents"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>SQL and user agents</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-injection"><span class="secno">8.5 </span>SQL injection</a></ol></li>
<li><a class="no-num" href="#references">References</a></ol>
<!--end-toc--><hr><!-- Feature requests for future versions (v2):
* deleting databases
* determining how much storage room is left
* handling the database getting corrupted
--><h2 id="introduction"><span class="secno">1 </span>Introduction</h2><p><i>This section is non-normative.</i><p>This specification introduces a set of APIs to manipulate
client-side databases using SQL.<p>The API is asynchronous, so authors are likely to find anonymous
functions (lambdas) very useful in using this API.<p>Here is an example of a script using this API. First, a function
<code title="">prepareDatabase()</code> is defined. This function
returns a handle to the database, first creating the database if
necessary. The example then calls the function to do the actual
work, in this case <code title="">showDocCount()</code>.<pre>function prepareDatabase(ready, error) {
return openDatabase('documents', '1.0', 'Offline document storage', 5*1024*1024, function (db) {
db.changeVersion('', '1.0', function (t) {
t.executeSql('CREATE TABLE docids (id, name)');
}, error);
});
}
function showDocCount(db, span) {
db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT COUNT(*) AS c FROM docids', [], function (t, r) {
span.textContent = r.rows[0].c;
}, function (t, e) {
// couldn't read database
span.textContent = '(unknown: ' + e.message + ')';
});
});
}
prepareDatabase(function(db) {
// got database
var span = document.getElementById('doc-count');
showDocCount(db, span);
}, function (e) {
// error getting database
alert(e.message);
});</pre><hr><p>The <code title="dom-sqltransaction-executeSql"><a href="#dom-sqltransaction-executesql">executeSql()</a></code> method has
an argument intended to allow variables to be substituted into
statements without risking SQL injection vulnerabilities:<pre>db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT title, author FROM docs WHERE id=?', [id], function (t, data) {
report(data.rows[0].title, data.rows[0].author);
});
});</pre><hr><p>Sometimes, there might be an arbitrary number of variables to
substitute in. Even in these case, the right solution is to
construct the query using only "?" characters, and then to pass the
variables in as the second argument:<pre>function findDocs(db, resultCallback) {
var q = "";
for each (var i in labels)
q += (q == "" ? "" : ", ") + "?";
db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT id FROM docs WHERE label IN (' + q + ')', labels, function (t, data) {
resultCallback(data);
});
});
}</pre><h2 id="conformance-requirements"><span class="secno">2 </span>Conformance requirements</h2><p>All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are
non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative.
Everything else in this specification is normative.<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", <!--"SHALL", "SHALL
NOT",--> "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be
interpreted as described in RFC2119. For readability, these words do
not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. <a href="#refsRFC2119">[RFC2119]</a><p>Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms
(such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and
abort these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the
key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the
algorithm.<p>Some conformance requirements are phrased as requirements on
attributes, methods or objects. Such requirements are to be
interpreted as requirements on user agents.<p>Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps
may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is
equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this
specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to
be performant.)<p>The only conformance class defined by this specification is user
agents.<p>User agents may impose implementation-specific limits on
otherwise unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service
attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around
platform-specific limitations.<p>When support for a feature is disabled (e.g. as an emergency
measure to mitigate a security problem, or to aid in development, or
for performance reasons), user agents must act as if they had no
support for the feature whatsoever, and as if the feature was not
mentioned in this specification. For example, if a particular
feature is accessed via an attribute in a Web IDL interface, the
attribute itself would be omitted from the objects that implement
that interface &mdash; leaving the attribute on the object but
making it return null or throw an exception is insufficient.<h3 id="dependencies"><span class="secno">2.1 </span>Dependencies</h3><p>This specification relies on several other underlying
specifications.<dl><dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>
<p>Many fundamental concepts from HTML are used by this
specification. <a href="#refsHTML">[HTML]</a></p>
</dd>
<dt>WebIDL</dt>
<dd>
<p>The IDL blocks in this specification use the semantics of the
WebIDL specification. <a href="#refsWEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</a></p>
</dd>
</dl><h2 id="terminology"><span class="secno">3 </span>Terminology</h2><p>The construction "a <code title="">Foo</code> object", where
<code title="">Foo</code> is actually an interface, is sometimes
used instead of the more accurate "an object implementing the
interface <code title="">Foo</code>".<p>The term DOM is used to refer to the API set made available to
scripts in Web applications, and does not necessarily imply the
existence of an actual <code>Document</code> object or of any other
<code>Node</code> objects as defined in the DOM Core
specifications. <a href="#refsDOMCORE">[DOMCORE]</a><p>An IDL attribute is said to be <em>getting</em> when its value is
being retrieved (e.g. by author script), and is said to be
<em>setting</em> when a new value is assigned to it.<p>The term "JavaScript" is used to refer to ECMA262, rather than
the official term ECMAScript, since the term JavaScript is more
widely known. <a href="#refsECMA262">[ECMA262]</a><h2 id="sql"><span class="secno">4 </span>The API</h2><h3 id="databases"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Databases</h3><p>Each <i>origin</i> has an associated set of databases. Each
database has a name and a current version. There is no way to
enumerate or delete the databases available for an origin from this
API.<p class="note">Each database has one version at a time; a database
can't exist in multiple versions at once. Versions are intended to
allow authors to manage schema changes incrementally and
non-destructively, and without running the risk of old code (e.g. in
another browser window) trying to write to a database with incorrect
assumptions.<pre class="idl">[Supplemental, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <span>WindowDatabase</span> {
<a href="#database">Database</a> <a href="#dom-opendatabase" title="dom-opendatabase">openDatabase</a>(in DOMString name, in DOMString version, in DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in optional <a href="#databasecallback">DatabaseCallback</a> creationCallback);
};
<span>Window</span> implements <span>WindowDatabase</span>;
[Supplemental, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <span>WorkerUtilsDatabase</span> {
<a href="#database">Database</a> <a href="#dom-opendatabase" title="dom-opendatabase">openDatabase</a>(in DOMString name, in DOMString version, in DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in optional <a href="#databasecallback">DatabaseCallback</a> creationCallback);
<a href="#databasesync">DatabaseSync</a> <a href="#dom-opendatabase-sync" title="dom-opendatabase-sync">openDatabaseSync</a>(in DOMString name, in DOMString version, in DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in optional <a href="#databasecallback">DatabaseCallback</a> creationCallback);
};
<span>WorkerUtils</span> implements <span>WorkerUtilsDatabase</span>;
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="databasecallback">DatabaseCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-databasecallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#database">Database</a> database);
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-opendatabase" title="dom-opendatabase"><code>openDatabase()</code></dfn> method on
the <code>Window</code> and <code>WorkerUtils</code> interfaces and
the <dfn id="dom-opendatabase-sync" title="dom-opendatabase-sync"><code>openDatabaseSync()</code></dfn>
method on the <code>WorkerUtils</code> interface take the following
arguments: a database name, a database version, a display name, an
estimated size &mdash; in bytes &mdash; of the data that will be
stored in the database, and optionally a callback to be invoked if
the database has not yet been created. The callback, if provided, is
intended to be used to call <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>; the
callback is invoked with the database having the empty string as its
version regardless of the given database version. If the callback is
not provided, the database is created with the given database
version as its version.<p>When invoked, these methods must run the following steps, with all
but the last two steps being run atomically:<ol><li>
<p>The user agent may raise a <code>SECURITY_ERR</code> exception
instead of returning a <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object if the request
violates a policy decision (e.g. if the user agent is configured
to not allow the page to open databases).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For the method on the <code>Window</code> object: let <var title="">origin</var> be the <span>origin</span> of the
<span>active document</span> of the <span>browsing context</span>
of the <code>Window</code> object on which the method was
invoked.</p>
<p>For the methods on the <code>WorkerUtils</code> object: let
<var title="">origin</var> be the <span>origin</span> of the
scripts in the worker.</p>
</li>
<li><p>If <var title="">origin</var> is not a scheme/host/port
tuple, then throw a <code>SECURITY_ERR</code> exception and abort
these steps.</li>
<li><p>If the database version provided is not the empty string,
and there is already a database with the given name from the origin
<var title="">origin</var>, but the database has a different
version than the version provided, then throw an
<code>INVALID_STATE_ERR</code> exception and abort these
steps.</li>
<li>
<p>If no database with the given name from the origin <var title="">origin</var> exists, then create the database and let
<var title="">created</var> be true. If a callback was passed to
the method, then set the new database's version to the empty
string. Otherwise, set the new database's version to the given
database version.</p>
<p>Otherwise, if a database with the given name already exists,
let <var title="">created</var> be false.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For the <code title="dom-opendatabase"><a href="#dom-opendatabase">openDatabase()</a></code>
methods: let <var title="">result</var> be a newly constructed
<code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object representing the database with the
given database name from the origin <var title="">origin</var>.</p>
<p>For the <code title="dom-opendatabase-sync"><a href="#dom-opendatabase-sync">openDatabaseSync()</a></code> method:
let <var title="">result</var> be a newly constructed
<code><a href="#databasesync">DatabaseSync</a></code> object representing the database with
the given database name from the origin <var title="">origin</var>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If <var title="">created</var> is false or if no callback was
passed to the method, skip this step. Otherwise:</p>
<p>For the <code title="dom-opendatabase"><a href="#dom-opendatabase">openDatabase()</a></code>
methods: <span>queue a task</span> to to invoke the callback with
<var title="">result</var> as its only argument.</p>
<p>For the <code title="dom-opendatabase-sync"><a href="#dom-opendatabase-sync">openDatabaseSync()</a></code> method:
invoke the callback with <var title="">result</var> as its only
argument. If the callback throws an exception, rethrow that
exception and abort these steps.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Return <var title="">result</var>.</p>
</li>
</ol><p>All strings including the empty string are valid database
names. Database names must be compared in a
<span>case-sensitive</span> manner.<p class="note">Implementations can support this even in
environments that only support a subset of all strings as database
names by mapping database names (e.g. using a hashing algorithm) to
the supported set of names.<p>The version that the database was opened with is the <dfn id="concept-database-expected-version" title="concept-database-expected-version">expected version</dfn> of
this <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> or <code><a href="#databasesync">DatabaseSync</a></code> object. It
can be the empty string, in which case there is no expected version
&mdash; any version is fine.<p>User agents are expected to use the display name and the
estimated database size to optimize the user experience. For
example, a user agent could use the estimated size to suggest an
initial quota to the user. This allows a site that is aware that it
will try to use hundreds of megabytes to declare this upfront,
instead of the user agent prompting the user for permission to
increase the quota every five megabytes.<h3 id="parsing-and-processing-sql-statements"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Parsing and processing SQL statements</h3><p>When the user agent is to <dfn id="preprocess-the-sql-statement" title="preprocess the SQL
statement">preprocess a SQL statement</dfn> <var title="">sqlStatement</var> with an array of arguments <var title="">arguments</var>, it must run the following steps:<ol><li><p>Parse <var title="">sqlStatement</var> as a SQL statement,
with the exception that U+003F QUESTION MARK characters (?) can be
used in place of SQL literals in the statement. <a href="#refsSQL">[SQL]</a></li>
<li>
<p>Bind each <code title="">?</code> placeholder with the value of
the argument in the <var title="">arguments</var> array with the
same position. (So the first <code title="">?</code> placeholder
gets bound to the first value in the <var title="">arguments</var>
array, and generally the <var title="">n</var>th <code title="">?</code> placeholder gets bound to the <var title="">n</var>th value in the <var title="">arguments</var>
array.)</p>
<p class="note">Binding the <code title="">?</code> placeholders
is done at the literal level, not as string concatenations, so
this provides a way to dynamically insert parameters into a
statement without risk of a SQL injection attack.</p>
<p>The result is <var title="">the statement</var>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>If the <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object that the
<code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> or <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code>
object was created from has an <a href="#concept-database-expected-version" title="concept-database-expected-version">expected version</a>
that is neither the empty string nor the actual version of the
database, then mark <var title="">the statement</var> as
bogus. (<a href="#dom-sqlerror-code-2" title="dom-sqlerror-code-2">Error code
2</a>.)</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise, if the syntax of <var title="">sqlStatement</var> is
not valid (except for the use of <code title="">?</code>
characters in the place of literals), or the statement uses
features that are not supported (e.g. due to security reasons), or
the number of items in the <var title="">arguments</var> array is
not equal to the number of <code title="">?</code> placeholders in
the statement, or the statement cannot be parsed for some other
reason, then mark <var title="">the statement</var> as
bogus. (<a href="#dom-sqlerror-code-5" title="dom-sqlerror-code-5">Error code
5</a>.)</p>
<p>User agents must consider statements that use the <code title="">BEGIN</code>, <code title="">COMMIT</code>, and <code title="">ROLLBACK</code> SQL features as being unsupported (and thus
will mark them as bogus), so as to not let these statements
interfere with the explicit transactions managed by the database API
itself.</p>
</li>
<li id="modifications-fail-if-read-only">
<p>Otherwise, if the <i>mode</i> that was used to create the
<code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> or <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code>
object is read-only but the statement's main verb can modify the
database, mark the statement as bogus. (<a href="#dom-sqlerror-code-5" title="dom-sqlerror-code-5">Error code 5</a>.)</p>
<p class="note">Only the statement's main verb (e.g. <code title="">UPDATE</code>, <code title="">SELECT</code>, <code title="">DROP</code>) is considered here. Thus, a statement like
"<code title="">UPDATE test SET id=0 WHERE 0=1</code>" would be
treated as potentially modifying the database for the purposes
of this step, even though it could never in fact have any
side-effects.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Return <var title="">the statement</var>.</li>
</ol><p>The user agent must act as if the database was hosted in an
otherwise completely empty environment with no resources. For
example, attempts to read from or write to the file system will
fail.<p class="note">A future version of this specification will probably
define the exact SQL subset required in more detail.<h3 id="asynchronous-database-api"><span class="secno">4.3 </span>Asynchronous database API</h3><pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="database">Database</dfn> {
void <a href="#dom-database-transaction" title="dom-database-transaction">transaction</a>(in <a href="#sqltransactioncallback">SQLTransactionCallback</a> callback, in optional <a href="#sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</a> errorCallback, in optional <a href="#sqlvoidcallback">SQLVoidCallback</a> successCallback);
void <a href="#dom-database-readtransaction" title="dom-database-readTransaction">readTransaction</a>(in <a href="#sqltransactioncallback">SQLTransactionCallback</a> callback, in optional <a href="#sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</a> errorCallback, in optional <a href="#sqlvoidcallback">SQLVoidCallback</a> successCallback);
readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-database-version" title="dom-database-version">version</a>;
void <a href="#dom-database-changeversion" title="dom-database-changeVersion">changeVersion</a>(in DOMString oldVersion, in DOMString newVersion, in optional <a href="#sqltransactioncallback">SQLTransactionCallback</a> callback, in optional <a href="#sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</a> errorCallback, in optional <a href="#sqlvoidcallback">SQLVoidCallback</a> successCallback);
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqlvoidcallback">SQLVoidCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-sqlvoidcallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>();
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqltransactioncallback">SQLTransactionCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-sqltransactioncallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a> transaction);
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-sqltransactionerrorcallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#sqlerror">SQLError</a> error);
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-database-transaction" title="dom-database-transaction"><code>transaction()</code></dfn>
and <dfn id="dom-database-readtransaction" title="dom-database-readTransaction"><code>readTransaction()</code></dfn>
methods takes one to three arguments. When called, these methods must
immediately return and then asynchronously run the <a href="#transaction-steps">transaction
steps</a> with the <i>transaction callback</i> being the first
argument, the <i>error callback</i> being the second argument, if
any, the <i>success callback</i> being the third argument, if any,
and with no <i>preflight operation</i> or <i>postflight
operation</i>.<p>For the <code title="dom-database-transaction"><a href="#dom-database-transaction">transaction()</a></code> method, the
<i>mode</i> must be read/write. For the <code title="dom-database-readTransaction"><a href="#dom-database-readtransaction">readTransaction()</a></code>
method, the <i>mode</i> must be read-only.<p>On getting, the <dfn id="dom-database-version" title="dom-database-version"><code>version</code></dfn> attribute
must return the current version of the database (as opposed to the
<a href="#concept-database-expected-version" title="concept-database-expected-version">expected
version</a> of the <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object).<p>The <dfn id="dom-database-changeversion" title="dom-database-changeVersion"><code>changeVersion()</code></dfn>
method allows scripts to atomically verify the version number and
change it at the same time as doing a schema update. When the method
is invoked, it must immediately return, and then asynchronously run
the <a href="#transaction-steps">transaction steps</a> with the <i>transaction
callback</i> being the third argument, the <i>error callback</i>
being the fourth argument, the <i>success callback</i> being the
fifth argument, the <i>preflight operation</i> being the
following:<ol><li><p>Check that the value of the first argument to the <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code> method
exactly matches the database's actual version. If it does not, then
the <i>preflight operation</i> fails.</li>
</ol><p>...the <i>postflight operation</i> being the following:<ol><li>Change the database's actual version to the value of the second
argument to the <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.</li>
<li>Change the <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object's expected version to
the value of the second argument to the <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.</li>
</ol><p>...and the <i>mode</i> being read/write.<p>If any of the optional arguments are omitted, then they must be
treated as if they were null.<h4 id="executing-sql-statements"><span class="secno">4.3.1 </span>Executing SQL statements</h4><p>The <code title="dom-database-transaction"><a href="#dom-database-transaction">transaction()</a></code>,
<code title="dom-database-readTransaction"><a href="#dom-database-readtransaction">readTransaction()</a></code>,
and <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
methods invoke callbacks with <code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code>
objects.<pre class="idl">typedef sequence&lt;any&gt; <dfn id="objectarray">ObjectArray</dfn>;
interface <dfn id="sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</dfn> {
void <a href="#dom-sqltransaction-executesql" title="dom-sqltransaction-executeSql">executeSql</a>(in DOMString sqlStatement, in optional <a href="#objectarray">ObjectArray</a> arguments, in optional <a href="#sqlstatementcallback">SQLStatementCallback</a> callback, in optional <a href="#sqlstatementerrorcallback">SQLStatementErrorCallback</a> errorCallback);
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqlstatementcallback">SQLStatementCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-sqlstatementcallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a> transaction, in <a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a> resultSet);
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqlstatementerrorcallback">SQLStatementErrorCallback</dfn> {
boolean <span title="dom-sqlstatementerrorcallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a> transaction, in <a href="#sqlerror">SQLError</a> error);
};</pre><p>When the <dfn id="dom-sqltransaction-executesql" title="dom-sqltransaction-executeSql"><code>executeSql(<var title="">sqlStatement</var>, <var title="">arguments</var>, <var title="">callback</var>, <var title="">errorCallback</var>)</code></dfn> method is invoked, the
user agent must run the following algorithm. (This algorithm is
relatively simple in that it doesn't actually execute any SQL
&mdash; the bulk of the work is actually done as part of the
<a href="#transaction-steps">transaction steps</a>.)<ol><li><p>If the method was not invoked during the execution of a
<code><a href="#sqltransactioncallback">SQLTransactionCallback</a></code>,
<code><a href="#sqlstatementcallback">SQLStatementCallback</a></code>, or
<code><a href="#sqlstatementerrorcallback">SQLStatementErrorCallback</a></code> then raise an
<code>INVALID_STATE_ERR</code> exception. (Calls from inside a
<code><a href="#sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</a></code> thus raise an
exception. The <code><a href="#sqltransactionerrorcallback">SQLTransactionErrorCallback</a></code> handler is
only called once a transaction has failed, and no SQL statements
can be added to a failed transaction.)</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#preprocess-the-sql-statement">Preprocess the SQL statement</a> given as the first
argument to the method (<var title="">sqlStatement</var>), using
the second argument to the method as the <var title="">arguments</var> array, to obtain <var title="">the
statement</var>.</p>
<p>If the second argument is omitted or null, then treat the <var title="">arguments</var> array as empty.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Queue up <var title="">the statement</var> in the
transaction, along with the third argument (if any) as the
statement's result set callback and the fourth argument (if any) as
the error callback.</li>
</ol><h4 id="processing-model"><span class="secno">4.3.2 </span>Processing model</h4><p>The <dfn id="transaction-steps">transaction steps</dfn> are as follows. These steps must
be run asynchronously. These steps are invoked with a <i>transaction
callback</i>, optionally an <i>error callback</i>, optionally a
<i>success callback</i>, optionally a <i>preflight operation</i>,
optionally a <i>postflight operation</i>, and with a <i>mode</i>
that is either read/write or read-only.<ol><li><p>Open a new SQL transaction to the database, and create a
<code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> object that represents that
transaction. If the <i>mode</i> is read/write, the transaction must
have an exclusive write lock over the entire database. If the
<i>mode</i> is read-only, the transaction must have a shared read
lock over the entire database. The user agent should wait for an
appropriate lock to be available.</li>
<li><p>If an error occurred in the opening of the transaction
(e.g. if the user agent failed to obtain an appropriate lock after
an appropriate delay), jump to the last step.</li>
<li><p>If a <i>preflight operation</i> was defined for this
instance of the transaction steps, run that. If it fails, then jump
to the last step. (This is basically a hook for the <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.)</li>
<li><p>If the <i>transaction callback</i> is not null, <span>queue
a task</span> to invoke the <i>transaction callback</i> with the
aforementioned <code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> object as its only
argument, and wait for that task to be run.</li>
<li><p>If the callback raised an exception, jump to the last
step.</li>
<li><p>While there are any statements queued up in the transaction,
perform the following steps for each queued up statement in the
transaction, oldest first. Each statement has a statement,
optionally a result set callback, and optionally an error
callback.</p>
<ol><li><p>If the statement is marked as bogus, jump to the "in case
of error" steps below.</li>
<li><p>Execute the statement in the context of the transaction.
<a href="#refsSQL">[SQL]</a></p>
<li><p>If the statement failed, jump to the "in case of error"
steps below.</li>
<li><p>Create a <code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code> object that represents
the result of the statement.</li>
<li><p>If the statement has a result set callback that is not
null, <span>queue a task</span> to invoke it with the
<code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> object as its first argument and the
new <code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code> object as its second argument, and
wait for that task to be run.</li>
<li><p>If the callback was invoked and raised an exception, jump
to the last step in the overall steps.</li>
<li><p>Move on to the next statement, if any, or onto the next
overall step otherwise.</li>
</ol><p>In case of error (or more specifically, if the above substeps
say to jump to the "in case of error" steps), run the following
substeps:</p>
<ol><li><p>If the statement had an associated error callback that is
not null, then <span>queue a task</span> to invoke that error
callback with the <code><a href="#sqltransaction">SQLTransaction</a></code> object and a newly
constructed <code><a href="#sqlerror">SQLError</a></code> object that represents the
error that caused these substeps to be run as the two arguments,
respectively, and wait for the task to be run.</li>
<li><p>If the error callback returns false, then move on to the
next statement, if any, or onto the next overall step
otherwise.</li>
<li><p>Otherwise, the error callback did not return false, or
there was no error callback. Jump to the last step in the overall
steps.</li>
</ol></li>
<li>
<p>If a <i>postflight operation</i> was defined for this instance
of the transaction steps, then: as one atomic operation, commit
the transaction and, if that succeeds, run the <i>postflight
operation</i>. If the commit fails, then instead jump to the last
step. (This is basically a hook for the <code title="dom-database-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.)</p>
<p>Otherwise: commit the transaction. If an error occurred in the
committing of the transaction, jump to the last step.</p>
</li>
<li><p><span>Queue a task</span> to invoke the <i>success
callback</i>, if it is not null.</li>
<li><p>End these steps. The next step is only used when something
goes wrong.</li>
<li><p><span>Queue a task</span> to invoke the transaction's
<i>error callback</i>, if it is not null, with a newly constructed
<code><a href="#sqlerror">SQLError</a></code> object that represents the last error to have
occurred in this transaction. Rollback the transaction. Any
still-pending statements in the transaction are discarded.</li>
</ol><p>The <span>task source</span> for these <span title="concept-task">tasks</span> is the <dfn id="database-access-task-source">database access task
source</dfn>.<h3 id="synchronous-database-api"><span class="secno">4.4 </span>Synchronous database API</h3><pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="databasesync">DatabaseSync</dfn> {
void <a href="#dom-database-sync-transaction" title="dom-database-sync-transaction">transaction</a>(in <a href="#sqltransactionsynccallback">SQLTransactionSyncCallback</a> callback);
void <a href="#dom-database-sync-readtransaction" title="dom-database-sync-readTransaction">readTransaction</a>(in <a href="#sqltransactionsynccallback">SQLTransactionSyncCallback</a> callback);
readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-database-sync-version" title="dom-database-sync-version">version</a>;
void <a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion" title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion">changeVersion</a>(in DOMString oldVersion, in DOMString newVersion, in optional <a href="#sqltransactionsynccallback">SQLTransactionSyncCallback</a> callback);
};
[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface <dfn id="sqltransactionsynccallback">SQLTransactionSyncCallback</dfn> {
void <span title="dom-sqltransactionsynccallback-handleEvent">handleEvent</span>(in <a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a> transaction);
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-database-sync-transaction" title="dom-database-sync-transaction"><code>transaction()</code></dfn>
and <dfn id="dom-database-sync-readtransaction" title="dom-database-sync-readTransaction"><code>readTransaction()</code></dfn>
methods must run the following steps:<ol><li><p>If the method was the <code title="dom-database-sync-transaction"><a href="#dom-database-sync-transaction">transaction()</a></code> method,
<a href="#create-a-sqltransactionsync-object">create a <code>SQLTransactionSync</code> object</a> for a
read/write transaction. Otherwise, <a href="#create-a-sqltransactionsync-object">create a
<code>SQLTransactionSync</code> object</a> for a read-only
transaction. In either case, if this throws an exception, then
rethrow it and abort these steps. Otherwise, let <var title="">transaction</var> be the newly created
<code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object.</li>
<li><p>If the first argument is null, rollback the transaction,
throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code> exception, and abort these
steps. (<a href="#dom-sqlerror-code-0" title="dom-sqlerror-code-0">Error code
0</a>.)</li>
<li><p>Invoke the callback given by the first argument, passing it
the <var title="">transaction</var> object as its only
argument.</li>
<li><p>Mark the <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object as <i title="">stale</i>.</p>
<li><p>If the callback was terminated by an exception, then
rollback the transaction, rethrow that exception, and abort these
steps.</li>
<li><p>Commit the transaction.</li>
<li><p>If an error occurred in the committing of the transaction,
rollback the transaction, throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code>
exception, and abort these steps.</li>
</ol><p>On getting, the <dfn id="dom-database-sync-version" title="dom-database-sync-version"><code>version</code></dfn>
attribute must return the current version of the database (as
opposed to the <a href="#concept-database-expected-version" title="concept-database-expected-version">expected version</a> of
the <code><a href="#databasesync">DatabaseSync</a></code> object).<p>The <dfn id="dom-database-sync-changeversion" title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion"><code>changeVersion()</code></dfn>
method allows scripts to atomically verify the version number and
change it at the same time as doing a schema update. When the method
is invoked, it must run the following steps:<ol><li><p><a href="#create-a-sqltransactionsync-object">Create a <code>SQLTransactionSync</code> object</a>
for a read/write transaction. If this throws an exception, then
rethrow it and abort these steps. Otherwise, let <var title="">transaction</var> be the newly created
<code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object.</li>
<li><p>Check that the value of the first argument to the <code title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method exactly matches the database's actual version. If it does
not, then throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code> exception and abort
these steps. (<a href="#dom-sqlerror-code-2" title="dom-sqlerror-code-2">Error code
2</a>.)</li>
<li><p>If the third argument is not null, invoke the callback given
by the third argument, passing it the <var title="">transaction</var> object as its only argument.</li>
<li><p>Mark the <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object as <i title="">stale</i>.</p>
<li><p>If the callback was terminated by an exception, then
rollback the transaction, rethrow the exception, and abort these
steps.</li>
<li><p>Commit the transaction.</li>
<li><p>If an error occurred in the committing of the transaction,
rollback the transaction, throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code>
exception, and abort these steps.</li>
<li>Change the database's actual version to the value of the second
argument to the <code title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.</li>
<li>Change the <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> object's expected version to
the value of the second argument to the <code title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
method.</li>
</ol><hr><p>When the user agent is to <dfn id="create-a-sqltransactionsync-object">create a
<code>SQLTransactionSync</code> object</dfn> for a transaction that
is either read/write or read-only, it must run the following
steps:<ol><li><p>Open a new SQL transaction to the database, and create a
<code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object that represents that
transaction. If the <i>mode</i> is read/write, the transaction must
have an exclusive write lock over the entire database. If the
<i>mode</i> is read-only, the transaction must have a shared read
lock over the entire database. The user agent should wait for an
appropriate lock to be available.</li>
<li><p>If an error occurred in the opening of the transaction
(e.g. if the user agent failed to obtain an appropriate lock after
an appropriate delay), throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code> exception
and abort these steps.</li>
<li><p>Return the newly created <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code>
object.</li>
</ol><h4 id="executing-sql-statements-0"><span class="secno">4.4.1 </span>Executing SQL statements</h4><p>The <code title="dom-database-sync-transaction"><a href="#dom-database-sync-transaction">transaction()</a></code>, <code title="dom-database-sync-readTransaction"><a href="#dom-database-sync-readtransaction">readTransaction()</a></code>,
and <code title="dom-database-sync-changeVersion"><a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion">changeVersion()</a></code>
methods invoke callbacks that are passed
<code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> objects.<pre class="idl">// typedef sequence&lt;any&gt; <a href="#objectarray">ObjectArray</a>;
interface <dfn id="sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</dfn> {
<a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a> <a href="#dom-sqltransaction-sync-executesql" title="dom-sqltransaction-sync-executeSql">executeSql</a>(in DOMString sqlStatement, in optional <a href="#objectarray">ObjectArray</a> arguments);
};</pre><p>A <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object is initially <i title="">fresh</i>, but it will be marked as <i title="">stale</i>
once it has been committed or rolled back.<p>When the <dfn id="dom-sqltransaction-sync-executesql" title="dom-sqltransaction-sync-executeSql"><code>executeSql(<var title="">sqlStatement</var>, <var title="">arguments</var>)</code></dfn> method is invoked, the user
agent must run the following algorithm:<ol><li><p>If the <code><a href="#sqltransactionsync">SQLTransactionSync</a></code> object is <i title="">stale</i>, then throw an <code>INVALID_STATE_ERR</code>
exception.</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#preprocess-the-sql-statement">Preprocess the SQL statement</a> given as the first
argument to the method (<var title="">sqlStatement</var>), using
the second argument to the method as the <var title="">arguments</var> array, to obtain <var title="">the
statement</var>.</p>
<p>If the second argument is omitted or null, then treat the <var title="">arguments</var> array as empty.</p>
</li>
<li><p>If the statement is marked as bogus, throw a
<code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code> exception.</li>
<li><p>Execute the statement in the context of the transaction.
<a href="#refsSQL">[SQL]</a></p>
<li><p>If the statement failed, throw a <code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code>
exception.</li>
<li><p>Create a <code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code> object that represents
the result of the statement.</li>
<li><p>Return the newly created <code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code>
object.</li>
</ol><h3 id="database-query-results"><span class="secno">4.5 </span>Database query results</h3><p>The <code title="dom-sqltransaction-executeSql"><a href="#dom-sqltransaction-executesql">executeSql()</a></code>
method invokes its callback with a <code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code> object
as an argument.<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</dfn> {
readonly attribute long <a href="#dom-sqlresultset-insertid" title="dom-SQLResultSet-insertId">insertId</a>;
readonly attribute long <a href="#dom-sqlresultset-rowsaffected" title="dom-SQLResultSet-rowsAffected">rowsAffected</a>;
readonly attribute <a href="#sqlresultsetrowlist">SQLResultSetRowList</a> <a href="#dom-sqlresultset-rows" title="dom-SQLResultSet-rows">rows</a>;
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlresultset-insertid" title="dom-SQLResultSet-insertId"><code>insertId</code></dfn>
attribute must return the row ID of the row that the
<code><a href="#sqlresultset">SQLResultSet</a></code> object's SQL statement inserted into the
database, if the statement inserted a row. If the statement inserted
multiple rows, the ID of the last row must be the one returned. If
the statement did not insert a row, then the attribute must instead
raise an <code>INVALID_ACCESS_ERR</code> exception.<p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlresultset-rowsaffected" title="dom-SQLResultSet-rowsAffected"><code>rowsAffected</code></dfn>
attribute must return the number of rows that were changed by the
SQL statement. If the statement did not affected any rows, then the
attribute must return zero. For "SELECT" statements, this returns
zero (querying the database doesn't affect any rows).<p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlresultset-rows" title="dom-SQLResultSet-rows"><code>rows</code></dfn>
attribute must return a <code><a href="#sqlresultsetrowlist">SQLResultSetRowList</a></code>
representing the rows returned, in the order returned by the
database. The same object must be returned each time. If no rows
were returned, then the object will be empty (its <code title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length">length</a></code> will be
zero).<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="sqlresultsetrowlist">SQLResultSetRowList</dfn> {
readonly attribute unsigned long <a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length" title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length">length</a>;
getter <span>any</span> <a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-item" title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-item">item</a>(in unsigned long index);
};</pre><p class="note">For the asynchronous API, implementors are
encouraged to prefetch all the data for
<code><a href="#sqlresultsetrowlist">SQLResultSetRowList</a></code> objects when the object is
constructed (before the result set callback is invoked), rather than
on-demand, for better responsiveness. For the synchronous API, an
on-demand lazy evaluation implementation strategy is encouraged
instead, for better performance.<p><code><a href="#sqlresultsetrowlist">SQLResultSetRowList</a></code> objects have a <dfn id="dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length" title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><code>length</code></dfn>
attribute that must return the number of rows it represents (the
number of rows returned by the database). This is the <var title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length">length</a></var>.<p class="note">Fetching the <code title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length">length</a></code> might be
expensive, and authors are thus encouraged to avoid using it (or
enumerating over the object, which implicitly uses it) where
possible.<p>The object's <span>supported property indices</span> are the
numbers in the range zero to <span title=""><var title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length">length</a></var>-1</span>, unless
the <var title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-length"><a href="#dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-length">length</a></var> is
zero, in which case there are no <span>supported property
indices</span>.<p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlresultsetrowlist-item" title="dom-SQLResultSetRowList-item"><code>item(<var title="">index</var>)</code></dfn> attribute must return the row
with the given index <var title="">index</var>. If there is no such
row, then the method must return null.<p>Each row must be represented by a native ordered dictionary data
type. In the JavaScript binding, this must be <code>Object</code>.
Each row object must have one property (or dictionary entry) per
column, with those properties enumerating in the order that these
columns were returned by the database. Each property must have the
name of the column and the value of the cell, as they were returned
by the database.<h3 id="errors-and-exceptions"><span class="secno">4.6 </span>Errors and exceptions</h3><p>Errors in the asynchronous database API are reported using
callbacks that have a <code><a href="#sqlerror">SQLError</a></code> object as one of their
arguments.<pre class="idl">interface <dfn id="sqlerror">SQLError</dfn> {
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-unknown" title="dom-SQLException-code-UNKNOWN">UNKNOWN_ERR</a> = 0;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-database" title="dom-SQLException-code-DATABASE">DATABASE_ERR</a> = 1;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-version" title="dom-SQLException-code-VERSION">VERSION_ERR</a> = 2;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-too_large" title="dom-SQLException-code-TOO_LARGE">TOO_LARGE_ERR</a> = 3;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-quota" title="dom-SQLException-code-QUOTA">QUOTA_ERR</a> = 4;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-syntax" title="dom-SQLException-code-SYNTAX">SYNTAX_ERR</a> = 5;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-constraint" title="dom-SQLException-code-CONSTRAINT">CONSTRAINT_ERR</a> = 6;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-timeout" title="dom-SQLException-code-TIMEOUT">TIMEOUT_ERR</a> = 7;
readonly attribute unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlerror-code" title="dom-SQLError-code">code</a>;
readonly attribute DOMString <a href="#dom-sqlerror-message" title="dom-SQLError-message">message</a>;
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code" title="dom-SQLError-code"><code>code</code></dfn> IDL
attribute must return the most appropriate code from the table
below.<p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlerror-message" title="dom-SQLError-message"><code>message</code></dfn>
IDL attribute must return an error message describing the error
encountered. The message should be localized to the user's
language.<hr><p>Errors in the synchronous database API are reported using
<code><a href="#sqlexception">SQLException</a></code> exceptions:<pre class="idl">exception <dfn id="sqlexception">SQLException</dfn> {
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-unknown" title="dom-SQLException-code-UNKNOWN">UNKNOWN_ERR</a> = 0;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-database" title="dom-SQLException-code-DATABASE">DATABASE_ERR</a> = 1;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-version" title="dom-SQLException-code-VERSION">VERSION_ERR</a> = 2;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-too_large" title="dom-SQLException-code-TOO_LARGE">TOO_LARGE_ERR</a> = 3;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-quota" title="dom-SQLException-code-QUOTA">QUOTA_ERR</a> = 4;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-syntax" title="dom-SQLException-code-SYNTAX">SYNTAX_ERR</a> = 5;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-constraint" title="dom-SQLException-code-CONSTRAINT">CONSTRAINT_ERR</a> = 6;
const unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code-timeout" title="dom-SQLException-code-TIMEOUT">TIMEOUT_ERR</a> = 7;
unsigned short <a href="#dom-sqlexception-code" title="dom-SQLException-code">code</a>;
DOMString <a href="#dom-sqlexception-message" title="dom-SQLException-message">message</a>;
};</pre><p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code" title="dom-SQLException-code"><code>code</code></dfn>
IDL attribute must return the most appropriate code from the table
below.<p>The <dfn id="dom-sqlexception-message" title="dom-SQLException-message"><code>message</code></dfn> IDL
attribute must return an error message describing the error
encountered. The message should be localized to the user's
language.<hr><p>The error codes are as follows:<table><thead><tr><th>Constant
<th>Code
<th>Situation
<tbody><tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-unknown" title="dom-SQLException-code-UNKNOWN"><code>UNKNOWN_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-0" title="dom-sqlerror-code-0">0</dfn>
<td>The transaction failed for reasons unrelated to the database
itself and not covered by any other error code.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-database" title="dom-SQLException-code-DATABASE"><code>DATABASE_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-1" title="dom-sqlerror-code-1">1</dfn>
<td>The statement failed for database reasons not covered by any
other error code.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-version" title="dom-SQLException-code-VERSION"><code>VERSION_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-2" title="dom-sqlerror-code-2">2</dfn>
<td>The operation failed because the actual database version was
not what it should be. For example, a statement found that the
actual database version no longer matched the <a href="#concept-database-expected-version" title="concept-database-expected-version">expected version</a>
of the <code><a href="#database">Database</a></code> or <code><a href="#databasesync">DatabaseSync</a></code> object,
or the <code title="dom-database-changeversion"><a href="#dom-database-changeversion">Database.changeVersion()</a></code>
or <code title="dom-database-sync-changeversion"><a href="#dom-database-sync-changeversion">DatabaseSync.changeVersion()</a></code>
methods were passed a version that doesn't match the actual
database version.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-too_large" title="dom-SQLException-code-TOO_LARGE"><code>TOO_LARGE_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-3" title="dom-sqlerror-code-3">3</dfn>
<td>The statement failed because the data returned from the
database was too large. The SQL "LIMIT" modifier might be useful
to reduce the size of the result set.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-quota" title="dom-SQLException-code-QUOTA"><code>QUOTA_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-4" title="dom-sqlerror-code-4">4</dfn>
<td>The statement failed because there was not enough remaining
storage space, or the storage quota was reached and the user
declined to give more space to the database.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-syntax" title="dom-SQLException-code-SYNTAX"><code>SYNTAX_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-5" title="dom-sqlerror-code-5">5</dfn>
<td>The statement failed because of a syntax error, or the number
of arguments did not match the number of <code title="">?</code>
placeholders in the statement, or the statement tried to use a
statement that is not allowed, such as <code title="">BEGIN</code>, <code title="">COMMIT</code>, or <code title="">ROLLBACK</code>, or the statement tried to use a verb
that could modify the database but the transaction was read-only.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-constraint" title="dom-SQLException-code-CONSTRAINT"><code>CONSTRAINT_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-6" title="dom-sqlerror-code-6">6</dfn>
<td>An <code title="">INSERT</code>, <code title="">UPDATE</code>, or <code title="">REPLACE</code>
statement failed due to a constraint failure. For example,
because a row was being inserted and the value given for the
primary key column duplicated the value of an existing row.
<tr><td><dfn id="dom-sqlexception-code-timeout" title="dom-SQLException-code-TIMEOUT"><code>TIMEOUT_ERR</code></dfn>
<td><dfn id="dom-sqlerror-code-7" title="dom-sqlerror-code-7">7</dfn>
<td>A lock for the transaction could not be obtained in a
reasonable time.
</table><h2 id="web-sql"><span class="secno">5 </span>Web SQL</h2><p>User agents must implement the SQL dialect supported by Sqlite 3.6.19.<p>When converting bound arguments to SQL data types, the JavaScript
ToPrimitive abstract operation must be applied to obtain the raw
value to be processed. <a href="#refsECMA262">[ECMA262]</a>.<h2 id="disk-space"><span class="secno">6 </span>Disk space</h2><p>User agents should limit the total amount of space allowed for
databases.
<p>User agents should guard against sites storing data under the
origins other affiliated sites, e.g. storing up to the limit in
a1.example.com, a2.example.com, a3.example.com, etc, circumventing
the main example.com storage limit.<p>User agents may prompt the user when quotas are reached, allowing
the user to grant a site more space. This enables sites to store
many user-created documents on the user's computer, for
instance.<p>User agents should allow users to see how much space each domain
is using.<p>A mostly arbitrary limit of five megabytes per
<span>origin</span> is recommended. Implementation feedback is
welcome and will be used to update this suggestion in the
future.<h2 id="privacy"><span class="secno">7 </span>Privacy</h2><h3 id="user-tracking"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>User tracking</h3><p>A third-party advertiser (or any entity capable of getting
content distributed to multiple sites) could use a unique identifier
stored in its
client-side databases
to track a user across multiple sessions, building a profile of the
user's interests to allow for highly targeted advertising. In
conjunction with a site that is aware of the user's real identity
(for example an e-commerce site that requires authenticated
credentials), this could allow oppressive groups to target
individuals with greater accuracy than in a world with purely
anonymous Web usage.<p>There are a number of techniques that can be used to mitigate the
risk of user tracking:<dl><dt>Blocking third-party storage</dt>
<dd>
<p>User agents may restrict access to
the database objects
to scripts originating at the domain of the top-level document of
the <span>browsing context</span>, for instance denying access to
the API for pages from other domains running in
<code>iframe</code>s.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Expiring stored data</dt>
<dd>
<p>User agents may, if so configured by the user, automatically
delete stored data after a period of time.</p>
<p>This can restrict the ability of a site to track a user, as the
site would then only be able to track the user across multiple
sessions when he authenticates with the site itself (e.g. by
making a purchase or logging in to a service).</p>
<p>However, this also reduces the usefulness of the API as a
long-term storage mechanism. It can also put the user's data at
risk, if the user does not fully understand the implications of
data expiration.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Treating persistent storage as cookies</dt>
<dd>
<p>If users attempt to protect their privacy by clearing cookies
without also clearing data stored in the
relevant databases,
sites can defeat those attempts by using the two features as
redundant backup for each other. User agents should present the
interfaces for clearing these in a way that helps users to
understand this possibility and enables them to delete data in all
persistent storage features simultaneously. <a href="#refsCOOKIES">[COOKIES]</a></p>
</dd>
<dt>Site-specific white-listing of access to
databases
</dt>
<dd>
<p>User agents may require the user to authorize access to
databases before a site can use the feature.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Origin-tracking of stored data</dt>
<dd>
<p>User agents may record the <span title="origin">origins</span>
of sites that contained content from third-party origins that
caused data to be stored.</p>
<p>If this information is then used to present the view of data
currently in persistent storage, it would allow the user to make
informed decisions about which parts of the persistent storage to
prune. Combined with a blacklist ("delete this data and prevent
this domain from ever storing data again"), the user can restrict
the use of persistent storage to sites that he trusts.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Shared blacklists</dt>
<dd>
<p>User agents may allow users to share their persistent storage
domain blacklists.</p>
<p>This would allow communities to act together to protect their
privacy.</p>
</dd>
</dl><p>While these suggestions prevent trivial use of this API for user
tracking, they do not block it altogether. Within a single domain, a
site can continue to track the user during a session, and can then
pass all this information to the third party along with any
identifying information (names, credit card numbers, addresses)
obtained by the site. If a third party cooperates with multiple
sites to obtain such information, a profile can still be
created.<p>However, user tracking is to some extent possible even with no
cooperation from the user agent whatsoever, for instance by using
session identifiers in URLs, a technique already commonly used for
innocuous purposes but easily repurposed for user tracking (even
retroactively). This information can then be shared with other
sites, using using visitors' IP addresses and other user-specific
data (e.g. user-agent headers and configuration settings) to combine
separate sessions into coherent user profiles.<h3 id="sensitivity-of-data"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Sensitivity of data</h3><p>User agents should treat persistently stored data as potentially
sensitive; it's quite possible for e-mails, calendar appointments,
health records, or other confidential documents to be stored in this
mechanism.<p>To this end, user agents should ensure that when deleting data,
it is promptly deleted from the underlying storage.<h2 id="security-storage"><span class="secno">8 </span>Security</h2><h3 id="dns-spoofing-attacks"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>DNS spoofing attacks</h3><p>Because of the potential for DNS spoofing attacks, one cannot
guarantee that a host claiming to be in a certain domain really is
from that domain. To mitigate this, pages can use TLS. Pages using
TLS can be sure that only pages using TLS that have certificates
identifying them as being from the same domain can access their
databases.
<h3 id="cross-directory-attacks"><span class="secno">8.2 </span>Cross-directory attacks</h3><p>Different authors sharing one host name, for example users
hosting content on <code>geocities.com</code>, all share one
set of databases.
There is no feature to restrict the access by pathname. Authors on
shared hosts are therefore recommended to avoid using these
features, as it would be trivial for other authors to read the data
and overwrite it.<p class="note">Even if a path-restriction feature was made
available, the usual DOM scripting security model would make it
trivial to bypass this protection and access the data from any
path.<h3 id="implementation-risks"><span class="secno">8.3 </span>Implementation risks</h3><p>The two primary risks when implementing these persistent storage
features are letting hostile sites read information from other
domains, and letting hostile sites write information that is then
read from other domains.<p>Letting third-party sites read data that is not supposed to be
read from their domain causes <em>information leakage</em>, For
example, a user's shopping wishlist on one domain could be used by
another domain for targeted advertising; or a user's
work-in-progress confidential documents stored by a word-processing
site could be examined by the site of a competing company.<p>Letting third-party sites write data to the persistent storage of
other domains can result in <em>information spoofing</em>, which is
equally dangerous. For example, a hostile site could add items to a
user's wishlist; or a hostile site could set a user's session
identifier to a known ID that the hostile site can then use to track
the user's actions on the victim site.<p>Thus, strictly following the <span>origin</span> model described
in this specification is important for user security.<h3 id="sql-and-user-agents"><span class="secno">8.4 </span>SQL and user agents</h3><p>User agent implementors are strongly encouraged to audit all
their supported SQL statements for security implications. For
example, <code title="">LOAD DATA INFILE</code> is likely to pose
security risks and there is little reason to support it.<p>In general, it is recommended that user agents not support
features that control how databases are stored on disk. For example,
there is little reason to allow Web authors to control the character
encoding used in the disk representation of the data, as all data in
JavaScript is implicitly UTF-16.<h3 id="sql-injection"><span class="secno">8.5 </span>SQL injection</h3><p>Authors are strongly recommended to make use of the <code title="">?</code> placeholder feature of the <code title="dom-sqltransaction-executeSql"><a href="#dom-sqltransaction-executesql">executeSql()</a></code> method,
and to never construct SQL statements on the fly.<h2 class="no-num" id="references">References</h2><!--REFS--><p>All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative".</p><!-- Dates are only included for standards older than the Web, because the newer ones keep changing. --><dl><dt id="refsCOOKIES">[COOKIES]</dt>
<!--
<dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109">HTTP State
Management Mechanism</a></cite>, D. Kristol, L. Montulli. IETF.</dd>
<dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965">HTTP State Management
Mechanism</a></cite>, D. Kristol, L. Montulli. IETF.</dd>
-->
<dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpstate-cookie">HTTP State
Management Mechanism</a></cite>, A. Barth. IETF.</dd>
<dt id="refsDOMCORE">[DOMCORE]</dt>
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-Core/">Document
Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification</a></cite>, A. Le
Hors, P. Le Hegaret, L. Wood, G. Nicol, J. Robie, M. Champion,
S. Byrnes. W3C.</dd>
<!--
<dd><cite><a href="http://simon.html5.org/specs/web-dom-core">Web
DOM Core</a></cite>, S. Pieters. W3C.</dd>
-->
<dt id="refsECMA262">[ECMA262]</dt>
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">ECMAScript
Language Specification</a></cite>. ECMA.</dd>
<dt id="refsHTML">[HTML]</dt>
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/">HTML</a></cite>,
I. Hickson. WHATWG.</dd>
<dt id="refsRFC2119">[RFC2119]</dt>
<dd><cite><a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">Key words for use in
RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a></cite>, S. Bradner. IETF.</dd>
<dt id="refsSQL">[SQL]</dt>
<dd>The precise dialect has not yet been specified.</dd>
<dt id="refsWEBIDL">[WEBIDL]</dt>
<!--
<dd><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/">Web
IDL</a></cite>, C. McCormack. W3C.</dd>
-->
<dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/2006/webapi/WebIDL/">Web
IDL</a></cite>, C. McCormack. W3C.</dd>
</dl>