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</style><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD.css"/></head><body><div class="head"><p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72"/></a></p>
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<h1><a name="title" id="title"/>SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format</h1>
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<h2><a name="w3c-doctype" id="w3c-doctype"/>W3C Working Draft 13 September 2011</h2><dl><dt>This version:</dt><dd>
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<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-sparql11-results-json-20110913/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-sparql11-results-json-20110913/</a>
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</dd><dt>Latest version:</dt><dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-results-json/">http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-results-json/</a></dd><dt>Derived from Group Note:</dt><dd>
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<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-json-res/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-json-res/</a>
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</dd><dt>Editor:</dt><dd>Andy Seaborne, The Apache Software Foundation</dd><dt>Previous Editors:</dt><dd>Kendall Grant Clark, UMD Mindswap</dd><dd>Lee Feigenbaum, IBM</dd><dd>Elias Torres, IBM</dd></dl>
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<p>See also <a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/03/Translations/byTechnology?technology=sparql11-results-json"><strong>translations</strong></a>.</p><p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2011 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> rules apply.</p></div><hr/><div>
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<h2><a name="abstract" id="abstract"/>Abstract</h2><p>
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<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">SPARQL</a> is a set of standards for the
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query and update of RDF data, along with ways to access such data over the web.
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This document describes the representation of SELECT and ASK query results using
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<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">JSON</a>.
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</p></div><div>
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<h2><a name="status" id="status"/>Status of This Document</h2><p><em>This section describes the status of this document at the
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time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this
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document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest
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revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
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http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p>
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<p>This document is both a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#first-wd">First Public Working Draft</a> and a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#last-call">Last Call Working Draft</a>.
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Publication as a Last Call Working Draft indicates that the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/">SPARQL Working Group</a> believes it has
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addressed all substantive issues and that the document is stable. The Working Group expects to advance this specification to <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/Process-20040205/tr.html#RecsW3C">Recommendation Status</a>.</p><p>Comments on this document should be sent to <a href="mailto:public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org</a>, a mailing list with
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a <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-dawg-comments/">public archive</a>. Comments on this working draft are due on or before
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<strong>26 October 2011</strong>. </p>
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<p>Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership.
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This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time.
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It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.</p><p>This is an <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/10/Process-20051014/tr.html#RecsWD">Editors' Working Draft</a>.</p><p>The set of SPARQL documents comprises:</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/">SPARQL 1.1 Query</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/">SPARQL 1.1 Update</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-protocol/">SPARQL 1.1 Protocol for RDF</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-http-rdf-update/">SPARQL 1.1 Graph Store HTTP Protocol</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-entailment/">SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-service-description/">SPARQL 1.1 Service Description</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-federated-query/">SPARQL 1.1 Federation Extensions</a></li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/docs/tests/">SPARQL 1.1 Conformance Tests</a></li><li>SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format (this document)</li><li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/">SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a></li></ul><p>The JSON result format was previously available as a Working Group Note:
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<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/NOTE-rdf-sparql-json-res-20070618/">Serializing SPARQL Query Results in JSON</a>. That Note is superseded by this specification, which does not change the normative definition of the SPARQL Query Results JSON Format. The SPARQL Working Group has not revised the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/">SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a>.</p><p>The design of the features presented here is work-in-progress and does not represent
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the final decisions of the working group. Implementers and application writers should
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not assume that the designs in this document will not change.</p><p>Comments on this document should be sent to <a href="mailto:public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org">public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org</a>, a mailing list with a <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-dawg-comments">public archive</a>. Questions and comments about SPARQL that are not related to this specification, including extensions and features, can be discussed on the mailing list <a href="mailto:public-sparql-dev@w3.org">public-sparql-dev@w3.org</a>, (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-sparql-dev">public archive</a>).</p><p>This document was produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/DataAccess/">SPARQL Working Group</a>, which is part of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity">W3C Semantic Web Activity</a>.</p><p>This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/">5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy</a>. W3C maintains a <a rel="disclosure" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/35463/status">public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy</a>.</p></div><div class="toc">
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<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"/>Table of Contents</h2><p class="toc">1 <b><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></b><br/>
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2 <b><a href="#json-result-object">JSON Results Object</a></b><br/>
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3 <b><a href="#select-results-form">Variable Binding Results</a></b><br/>
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3.1 <a href="#select-head">"head"</a><br/>
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3.1.1 <a href="#select-vars">"vars"</a><br/>
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3.1.2 <a href="#select-link">"link"</a><br/>
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3.2 <a href="#select-results">"results"</a><br/>
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3.2.1 <a href="#select-bindings">"bindings"</a><br/>
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3.2.2 <a href="#select-encode-terms">Encoding RDF terms</a><br/>
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4 <b><a href="#ask-result-form">Boolean Results</a></b><br/>
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4.1 <a href="#ask-head">"head"</a><br/>
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4.1.1 <a href="#ask-link">"link"</a><br/>
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4.2 <a href="#ask-boolean">"boolean"</a><br/>
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5 <b><a href="#example">Example</a></b><br/>
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6 <b><a href="#content-type">Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File Type</a></b><br/>
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</p>
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<h3><a name="appendices" id="appendices"/>Appendices</h3><p class="toc">A <b><a href="#sec-bibliography">References</a></b><br/>
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A.1 <a href="#sec-normative-refs">Normative References</a><br/>
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A.2 <a href="#sec-non-normative-refs">Other References</a><br/>
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</p></div><hr/><div class="body"><div class="div1">
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<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction"/>1 Introduction</h2><p>This document describes how to serialize SPARQL results (SELECT and ASK query forms)
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in a <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">JSON</a> format.
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The format is designed to be a complete representation of the information
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in the query results. The results of a SELECT query are serilialized as
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an array, where each array element is one "row" of the query results;
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the results of an ASK query give the boolean value of the query result.
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</p><p>An Internet Media Type is provied for <code>application/sparql-results+json</code>.</p><p>
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There is also a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/">SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a>
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[<a href="#SRX">SRX</a>] which follows a similar design pattern but uses XML as the serialization.
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</p><p>
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Unless otherwise noted in the section heading, all sections
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and appendices in this document are normative.
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</p></div><div class="div1">
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<h2><a name="json-result-object" id="json-result-object"/>2 JSON Results Object</h2><p>The results of a SPARQL Query are serialized in JSON as a single top-level JSON object. This object has a <code>"head"</code> member and either a <code>"results"</code> member or a <code>"boolean"</code> member, depending on the query form.
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</p><p>This example shows the results of a <code>SELECT</code> query. The query solutions are represented in an array which is the value of the <code>"bindings"</code> key, in turn part of an object that is the value of the <code>"results"</code> key:</p><pre class="json">{
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"head": { "vars": [ "book" , "title" ]
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} ,
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"results": {
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"bindings": [
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book6" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book7" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book5" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book4" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book2" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book3" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner Of Azkaban" }
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} ,
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{
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"book": { "type": "uri" , "value": "http://example.org/book/book1" } ,
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"title": { "type": "literal" , "value": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }
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}
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]
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}
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}</pre><p>This example shows the result from an <code>ASK</code> query:</p><pre class="json">{
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"head" : { } ,
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"boolean" : true
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}</pre><p>Other keys, with different names, may be present in the JSON Results Object
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but are not defined by this specification.</p></div><div class="div1">
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<h2><a name="select-results-form" id="select-results-form"/>3 Variable Binding Results</h2><p>The results of a SPARQL <code>SELECT</code> query are serialized as
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an array of bindings of variables. The value of the <code>"head"</code> key is an array of all variables projected in the query's <code>SELECT</code> clause.</p><div class="div2">
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<h3><a name="select-head" id="select-head"/>3.1 "head"</h3><p>The <code>"head"</code> member gives the variables mentioned in the results and
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may contain a <code> "link"</code> member.</p><pre class="json">{
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"head" {
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"vars" : [ ... ] ,
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"link" : [ ... ] }</pre><div class="div3">
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<h4><a name="select-vars" id="select-vars"/>3.1.1 "vars"</h4><p>
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The <code>"vars"</code> member is an array giving the names of the variables used in the results.
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These are the projected variables from the query.
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A variable is not necessarily given a value in every query solution of the results.
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</p><pre class="json">"vars" [ "book" , "title" ] </pre><p>The order of variable names should correspond to the variables in the SELECT clause of the query,
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unless the query is of the form <code>SELECT *</code> in which case order is not significant.</p></div><div class="div3">
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<h4><a name="select-link" id="select-link"/>3.1.2 "link"</h4><p>The optional <code>"link"</code> member gives an array
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of URIs, as strings, to refer for further information.
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The format and content of these link references is not
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defined by this document.</p><pre class="json">"link" : [ "http://example/dataset/metadata.ttl" ] </pre></div></div><div class="div2">
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<h3><a name="select-results" id="select-results"/>3.2 "results"</h3><p>The value of the <code>"results"</code> member is an object with a single key, <code>"bindings"</code>.</p><div class="div3">
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<h4><a name="select-bindings" id="select-bindings"/>3.2.1 "bindings"</h4><p>The value of the <code>"bindings"</code> member is an array with zero
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or more elements, one element per query solution.
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Each query solution is a JSON object. Each key
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of this object is a variable name from the query solution. The value for
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a given variable name is a JSON object that
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<a href="#select-encode-terms">encodes the variable's bound value, an RDF term.</a>
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There are zero elements in the array if the query returned an
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empty solution sequence.
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Variables names do not include the initial "?" or "$" character.
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Each variable name that appears as a key within the <code>"bindings"</code> array will have appeared in the <a href="#select-vars"><code>"vars"</code></a>
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array in the results header.</p><p>A variable does not appear in an array element if it is
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not bound in that particular query solution.
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</p><p>The order of elements in the bindings array reflects the order, if any,
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of the query solution sequence.</p><pre class="json">"bindings" : [
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{
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"a" : { ... } ,
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"b" : { ... }
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} ,
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{
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"a" : { ... } ,
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"b" : { ... }
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}
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]</pre><p>If the query returns no solutions, an empty array is used.
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</p><pre class="json">"bindings" : []</pre></div><div class="div3">
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<h4><a name="select-encode-terms" id="select-encode-terms"/>3.2.2 Encoding RDF terms</h4><p>An RDF term (IRI, literal or blank node) is encoded as a JSON object.
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All aspects of the RDF term are represented. The JSON object has
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a <code>"type"</code> member and other members depending on the
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specific kind of RDF term.</p><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #000000" border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><th>RDF Term</th><th>JSON form</th></tr><tr><td>IRI <em><b>I</b></em></td><td><code>{"type": "uri", "value": "<em><b>I</b></em>"}</code></td></tr><tr><td>Literal <em><b>S</b></em></td><td><code>{"type": "literal","value": "<em><b>S</b></em>"}</code></td></tr><tr><td>Literal <em><b>S</b></em> with language tag <em><b>L</b></em></td><td><code>{ "type": "literal", "value": "<em><b>S</b></em>", "xml:lang": "<em><b>L</b></em>"}</code></td></tr><tr><td>Literal <em><b>S</b></em> with datatype IRI <em><b>D</b></em></td><td><code>{ "type": "literal", "value": "<em><b>S</b></em>", "datatype": "<em><b>D</b></em>"}</code></td></tr><tr><td>Blank node, label <em><b>B</b></em></td><td><code>{"type": "bnode", "value": "<em><b>B</b></em>"}</code></td></tr></table><p>The blank node label is scoped to the results object.
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That is, two blank nodes with the same label in a single SPARQL Results
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JSON object are the same blank node. This is not an indication of any
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internal system identifier the SPARQL processor may use.
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Use of the same label in another SPARQL Results
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JSON object does not imply it is the same blank node.</p></div></div></div><div class="div1">
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<h2><a name="ask-result-form" id="ask-result-form"/>4 Boolean Results</h2><p>The results of a SPARQL <code>ASK</code> query are serialized as
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a boolean value, giving the result of the query evaluation.</p><div class="div2">
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<h3><a name="ask-head" id="ask-head"/>4.1 "head"</h3><div class="div3">
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<h4><a name="ask-link" id="ask-link"/>4.1.1 "link"</h4><p>The <code>"link"</code> member has the same format as the <a href="#select-link">SELECT <code>"link"</code></a> member.</p></div></div><div class="div2">
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<h3><a name="ask-boolean" id="ask-boolean"/>4.2 "boolean"</h3><p>The result of an <code>ASK</code> query form are encoded by the <code>"boolean"</code> member,
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which takes either the JSON value <code>true</code> or the JSON value <code>false</code>.</p><pre class="json">"boolean" : true </pre></div></div><div class="div1">
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<h2><a name="example" id="example"/>5 Example</h2><p>This section is not normative.</p><p>The following JSON is a serialization of the XML document <a class="reference" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/output.srx">output.srx</a>:</p><pre class="json">{
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"head": {
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"link": [
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/example.rq"
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],
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"vars": [
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"x",
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"hpage",
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"name",
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"mbox",
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"age",
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"blurb",
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"friend"
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]
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},
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"results": {
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"bindings": [
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{
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"x" : { "type": "bnode", "value": "r1" },
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"hpage" : { "type": "uri", "value": "http://work.example.org/alice/" },
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"name" : { "type": "literal", "value": "Alice" } ,
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"mbox" : { "type": "literal", "value": "" } ,
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"blurb" : {
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"datatype": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral",
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"type": "literal",
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"value": "<p xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">My name is <b>alice</b></p>"
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},
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|
"friend" : { "type": "bnode", "value": "r2" }
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"x" : { "type": "bnode", "value": "r2" },
|
|
|
|
"hpage" : { "type": "uri", "value": "http://work.example.org/bob/" },
|
|
|
|
"name" : { "type": "literal", "value": "Bob", "xml:lang": "en" },
|
|
|
|
"mbox" : { "type": "uri", "value": "mailto:bob@work.example.org" },
|
|
|
|
"friend" : { "type": "bnode", "value": "r1" }
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
}</pre></div><div class="div1">
|
|
<h2><a name="content-type" id="content-type"/>6 Internet Media Type, File Extension and Macintosh File Type</h2><p>The Internet Media Type / MIME Type for the SPARQL Query Results JSON Format
|
|
is "application/sparql-results+json".</p><p>It is recommended that SPARQL Query Results JSON Format files have the extension ".srj" (all
|
|
lowercase) on all platforms.</p><p>It is recommended that SPARQL Query Results JSON Format files stored on Macintosh HFS file
|
|
systems be given a file type of "TEXT".</p><p>This information that follows is intended to be submitted to the IESG
|
|
for review, approval, and registration with IANA.</p><dl>
|
|
<dt>Type name:</dt>
|
|
<dd>application</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Subtype name:</dt>
|
|
<dd>sparql-results+json</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Required parameters:</dt>
|
|
<dd>None</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Optional parameters:</dt>
|
|
<dd>None</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Encoding considerations:</dt>
|
|
<dd>The encoding considerations of the SPARQL Query Results JSON
|
|
Format is identical to those of the "application/json" as specified in
|
|
[<a href="#JSON-RFC">JSON-RFC</a>].</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Security considerations:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>SPARQL query results uses URIs. See Section 7 of [<a href="#RFC3986">RFC3986</a>].<br/>
|
|
SPARQL query results uses IRIs. See Section 8 of [<a href="#RFC3987">RFC3987</a>].<br/>
|
|
|
|
The security considerations of the SPARQL Query Results JSON
|
|
Format is identical to those of the "application/json" as specified in
|
|
[<a href="#JSON-RFC">JSON-RFC</a>].</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Interoperability considerations:</dt>
|
|
<dd>There are no known interoperability issues.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Published specification:</dt>
|
|
<dd>http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-results-json/</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Applications which use this media type:</dt>
|
|
<dd>No known applications currently use this media type.</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Additional information:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Magic number(s):</dt>
|
|
<dd>n/a</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>File extension(s): </dt>
|
|
<dd>".srj"</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Macintosh file type code(s):</dt>
|
|
<dd>"TEXT"</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Person & email address to contact for further information:</dt>
|
|
|
|
<dd>Andy Seaborne <public-rdf-dawg-comments@w3.org></dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Intended usage:</dt>
|
|
<dd>COMMON</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Restrictions on usage:</dt>
|
|
<dd>None</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>Author/Change controller:</dt>
|
|
<dd>The SPARQL specification is a work product of the World Wide Web
|
|
Consortium's SPARQL Working Group. The W3C has change
|
|
control over these specifications.</dd>
|
|
</dl></div></div><div class="back"><div class="div1">
|
|
<h2><a name="sec-bibliography" id="sec-bibliography"/>A References</h2><div class="div2">
|
|
<h3><a name="sec-normative-refs" id="sec-normative-refs"/>A.1 Normative References</h3><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a name="JSON-RFC" id="JSON-RFC">[JSON-RFC]</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">RFC 4627</a>,<br/>
|
|
The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON),<br/>
|
|
D. Crockford,<br/>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt</a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a name="RFC3986" id="RFC3986">[RFC3986]</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">RFC 3986</a>,<br/>
|
|
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,<br/>
|
|
T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter, <br/>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt</a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a name="RFC3987" id="RFC3987">[RFC3987]</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">RFC 3987</a>,<br/>
|
|
Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs),<br/>
|
|
M. Dürst, M. Suignard, <br/>
|
|
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt</a>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl></div><div class="div2">
|
|
<h3><a name="sec-non-normative-refs" id="sec-non-normative-refs"/>A.2 Other References</h3><dl>
|
|
<dt>
|
|
<a name="SRX" id="SRX">[SRX]</a>
|
|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-XMLres/">SPARQL Query Results XML Format</a>,<br/>
|
|
D. Beckett and J. Broekstra (Editors),<br/>
|
|
W3C Recommendation 15 January 2008.
|
|
</dd>
|
|
|
|
</dl></div></div></div></body></html>
|