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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<title>OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax </title>
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<h1><a name="ST" />
OWL Web Ontology Language <br /> Semantics and Abstract Syntax </h1>
<h2>W3C Working Draft 31 March 2003</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-semantics-20030331/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-semantics-20030331/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Latest version:</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-semantics-20030203/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-owl-semantics-20030203/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Editors:</dt>
<dd>
<a href="http://www-db.research.bell-labs.com/user/pfps/">Peter F. Patel-Schneider</a>,
Bell Labs Research, Lucent Technologies<br />
<a href="http://www.coginst.uwf.edu/~phayes/">Patrick Hayes</a>,
IHMC, University of West Florida<br />
<a href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/">Ian Horrocks</a>,
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester<br />
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
This document is also available in this non-normative form: <a href="semantics-all.html">single HTML file</a>.
</p>
<p class="copyright">
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
Copyright</a> &#xa9; 2003 <a href="http://www.w3.org/">
<acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>&#xae;</sup>
(<a href="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts
Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a
href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym title="European Research
Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a
href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">
liability</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">
trademark</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document
use</a> and
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software">software
licensing</a> rules apply.
</p>
<hr />
</div>
<h2><a id="abstract" name="abstract">Abstract</a></h2>
<div class="abstract">
<p>
This description of OWL, the Web Ontology Language
being designed by the W3C Web Ontology Working Group,
contains a high-level abstract syntax for both OWL DL and OWL Lite,
sublanguages of OWL.
A model-theoretic semantics is given to provide a formal meaning for OWL
ontologies written in this abstract syntax.
A model-theoretic semantics in the form of an extension to the RDF
semantics is also given to provide a formal meaning for OWL ontologies
as RDF graphs (OWL Full).
A mapping from the abstract syntax to RDF graphs is given and
the two model theories are shown to have the same consequences on
OWL ontologies that can be written in the abstract syntax.
</p>
</div>
<h2><a id="status" name="status">Status of this document</a></h2>
<div class="status">
<p>This is a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process-20010719/tr.html#last-call">Last
Call Working Draft</a>. The <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-owl-absyn-20020729/">first release
of this document</a> was 29 July 2002 and the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt">Web Ontology Working Group</a>
has made its best effort to address <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/">comments
recieved</a> since then, releasing several drafts and resolving a <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/webont-issues.html">list of
issues</a> meanwhile. The working group seeks confirmation that
comments have been addressed to the satisfaction of the community.</p>
<p>This document depends normatively on <a href="#ref-rdfmt">[RDF
MT]</a> and anticipates some changes in that document based on
comments from reviewers. Depending on the disposition of the
requested changes to <a href="#ref-rdfmt">[RDF MT]</a>, some conflicts
with details of this specification (such as section <a
href="rdfs.html#5.2">section 5.2 OWL Interpretations</a>) may need to
be resolved in subsequent drafts of this document. While the
resolution may involve changes to the design that are observable in
test cases, the changes are expected to be obscure enough that the
impact to most readers and implementors will be negligible.</p>
<p>
Comments on this document are due <span class="commentsDue date">9 May
2003</span>. They should be sent to <a
href="mailto:public-webont-comments@w3.org">public-webont-comments@w3.org</a>,
a mailing list with a <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/">public
archive</a>. General discussion of related technology is welcome in <a
href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/">www-rdf-logic</a>.
</p>
<p>
This document has been produced as part of the <a
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/">W3C Semantic Web Activity</a> (<a
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity">Activity Statement</a>).
A list of <a rel="disclosure"
href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/discl">patent disclosures
related to this work</a> is maintained by W3C, regardless of whether
any such disclosures have been made or not.</p>
<p>
<em>This is a W3C Working
Draft for review by W3C members and other interested parties. It is a draft
document and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use W3C Working Drafts as reference materials or to
cite them as other than "work in progress." A list of <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">current W3C
Recommendations and other technical documents</a> can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
</p>
<hr />
</div>
<div class="toc">
<h2><a id="contents" name="contents">Table of contents</a></h2>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline1">1. <a href="#1">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline1">2. <a href="syntax.html">Abstract Syntax</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">2.1 <a href="syntax.html#2.1">Ontologies</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">2.2 <a href="syntax.html#2.2">Facts</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">2.3 <a href="syntax.html#2.3">Axioms</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3">2.3.1 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.1">OWL Lite Axioms</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline4">2.3.1.1 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.1.1">OWL Lite Class Axioms</a></li>
<li class="tocline4">2.3.1.2 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.1.2">OWL Lite Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="tocline4">2.3.1.3 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.1.3">OWL Lite Property Axioms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline3">2.3.2 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.2">OWL DL Axioms</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline4">2.3.2.1 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.2.1">OWL DL Class Axioms</a></li>
<li class="tocline4">2.3.2.2 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.2.2">OWL DL Descriptions</a></li>
<li class="tocline4">2.3.2.3 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.2.3">OWL DL Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="tocline4">2.3.2.4 <a href="syntax.html#2.3.2.4">OWL DL Property Axioms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline1">3. <a href="direct.html">Direct Model-Theoretic Semantics</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">3.1 <a href="direct.html#3.1">Vocabularies and Interpretations</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">3.2 <a href="direct.html#3.2">Interpreting Embedded Constructs</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">3.3 <a href="direct.html#3.3">Interpreting Axioms and Facts</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">3.4 <a href="direct.html#3.4">Interpreting Ontologies</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline1">4. <a href="mapping.html">Mapping to RDF Graphs</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">4.1 <a href="mapping.html#4.1">Translation to RDF Graphs</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">4.2 <a href="mapping.html#4.2">Definition of
OWL DL and OWL Lite Ontologies in RDF Graph Form</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline1">5. <a href="rdfs.html">RDF-Compatible Model-Theoretic Semantics</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">5.1 <a href="rdfs.html#5.1">The OWL and RDF universes</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">5.2 <a href="rdfs.html#5.2">OWL Interpretations</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">5.3 <a href="rdfs.html#5.3">OWL Full</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">5.4 <a href="rdfs.html#5.4">OWL DL</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline1">Appendix A. <a href="proofs.html">Proofs</a> (Informative)
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">A.1 <a href="proofs.html#A.1">Correspondence
between Abstract Syntax and OWL DL</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline3">A.1.1 <a href="proofs.html#A.1.1">Correspondence for Descriptions</a></li>
<li class="tocline3">A.1.2 <a href="proofs.html#A.1.2">Correspondence for Directives</a></li>
<li class="tocline3">A.1.3 <a href="proofs.html#A.1.3">From RDF Semantics to Direct Semantics</a></li>
<li class="tocline3">A.1.4 <a href="proofs.html#A.1.4">From Direct Semantics to RDF Semantics</a></li>
<li class="tocline3">A.1.5 <a href="proofs.html#A.1.5">Correspondence Theorem</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline2">A.2 <a href="proofs.html#A.2">Correspondence
between OWL DL and OWL Full</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline1">Appendix B. <a href="examples.html">Examples</a>
(Informative)
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2">B.1 <a href="examples.html#B.1">Examples of
Mapping from Abstract Syntax to RDF Graphs</a></li>
<li class="tocline2">B.2 <a href="examples.html#B.2">
Examples of Entailments in OWL DL and OWL Full</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline1"><a href="#index">Index of Vocabulary</a> (Informative)</li>
<li class="tocline1"><a href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a> (Informative)</li>
<li class="tocline1"><a href="#references">References</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline2"><a href="#references-normative">Normative
References</a></li>
<li class="tocline2"><a href="#references-other">Other
References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</div>
<h2><a name="1"></a>1. Introduction </h2>
<p>
This document contains several interrelated specifications of the several
styles of OWL, the Web Ontology Language being produced by the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/">W3C Web Ontology Working Group
(WebOnt)</a>.
First, <a href="syntax.html#2">Section 2</a> contains
a high-level, abstract syntax for both
<a href="syntax.html#owl-lite">OWL Lite</a>, a subset of OWL,
and <a href="syntax.html#owl-dl">OWL DL</a>, a fuller style of using OWL
but one that still places some
limitations on how OWL ontologies are constructed.
Eliminating these limitations results in the full OWL language, called
<a href="rdfs.html#owl-full">OWL Full</a>, which has the same syntax
as RDF.
The normative exchange syntax for OWL is
RDF/XML [<cite><a href="#ref-rdfsyntax">RDF Syntax</a></cite>];
the OWL Reference document
[<cite><a href="#ref-ref">OWL Reference</a></cite>]
shows how the RDF syntax is used in OWL.
A mapping from the OWL abstract syntax to
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-concepts-20030123/#section-data-model">RDF graphs</a>
[<cite><a href="#ref-rdfconcepts">RDF Concepts</a></cite>]
is, however, provided in <a href="mapping.html">Section 4</a>.
</p>
<p>
This document contains two formal semantics for OWL.
One of these semantics, defined in
<a href="direct.html#3">Section 3</a>,
is a direct, standard model-theoretic semantics for
OWL ontologies written in the abstract syntax.
The other, defined in <a href="rdfs.html#5">Section 5</a>,
is a vocabulary extension of the RDF semantics
[<cite><a href="#ref-rdfmt">RDF MT</a></cite>] that provides semantics
for OWL ontologies in the form of RDF graphs.
Two versions of this second semantics are provided, one that corresponds
more closely to the direct semantics (and is thus a semantics for OWL DL)
and one that can be used in cases where classes need to be treated as
individuals or other situations that cannot be handled in the abstract
syntax (and is thus a semantics for OWL Full). These two versions are
actually very close, only differing in how they divide up the domain of
discourse.
</p>
<p>
<a href="proofs.html">Appendix A</a>
contains a proof that the direct and RDFS-compatible semantics have the same
consequences on OWL ontologies that correspond to abstract OWL
ontologies that separate OWL individuals, OWL classes, OWL properties,
and the RDF, RDFS, and OWL structural vocabulary.
For such OWL ontologies
the direct model theory is authoritative and the RDFS-compatible model
theory is secondary.
<a href="proofs.html">Appendix A</a>
also contains the sketch of a proof that the entailments in the
RDFS-compatible semantics for OWL Full include all the entailments in
the RDFS-compatible semantics for OWL DL.
Finally a few examples of the various concepts defined in the document are
presented in <a href="examples.html">Appendix B</a>.
</p>
<p>
This document is designed to be read by those interested in the
technical details of OWL. It is not particularly intended for the
casual reader, who should probably first read the OWL Guide
[<cite><a href="#ref-guide">OWL Guide</a></cite>]. Developers of parsers
and other syntactic tools for
OWL will be particularly interested in Sections
<a href="syntax.html#2">2</a> and <a href="mapping.html#4">4</a>.
Developers of reasoners and other semantic tools for OWL will be
particulary interested in Sections
<a href="direct.html#3">3</a> and <a href="rdfs.html#5">5</a>.
</p>
<hr />
<h2><a id="index" name="index">Index of Vocabulary (Informative)</a></h2>
<p>
The following table provides pointers to information about each
element of the OWL vocabulary, as well as some elements of the RDF and RDFS
vocabularies.
The first column points to the vocabulary element's major definition
in the abstract syntax of <a href="syntax.html#2">Section 2</a>.
The second column points to the vocabulary element's major definition
in the OWL Lite abstract syntax.
The third column points to the vocabularly element's major definition
in the direct semantics of <a href="direct.html#3">Section 3</a>.
The fourth column points to the major piece of the translation from
the abstract syntax to triples for the vocabulary element
<a href="mapping.html#4">Section 4</a>.
The fifth column points to the vocabularly element's major definition
in the RDFS-compatible semantics of <a href="rdfs.html#5">Section 5</a>.
</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0">
<caption>Vocabulary Terms</caption>
<thead>
<tr><th>Vocabulary Term</th>
<th>Abstract OWL DL Syntax</th>
<th>Abstract OWL Lite Syntax</th>
<th>Direct Semantics</th>
<th>Mapping to Triples</th>
<th>RDFS-Compatible Semantics</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_AllDifferent">owl:AllDifferent</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_AllDifferent_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_AllDifferent_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_allValuesFrom">owl:allValuesFrom</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_allValuesFrom_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_allValuesFrom_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_allValuesFrom_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_allValuesFrom_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_allValuesFrom_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_AnnotationProperty">owl:AnnotationProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_AnnotationProperty_syntax_lite">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_AnnotationProperty_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_AnnotationProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_backwardCompatibleWith">owl:backwardCompatibleWith</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_backwardCompatibleWith_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_backwardCompatibleWith_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_backwardCompatibleWith_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_cardinality">owl:cardinality</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_cardinality_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_cardinality_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_cardinality_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_cardinality_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_cardinality_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_Class">owl:Class</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Class_syntax">2.3.2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Class_syntax_lite">2.3.1.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_Class_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_Class_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_Class_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_complementOf">owl:complementOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_complementOf_syntax">2.3.2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_complementOf_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_complementOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_complementOf_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_DatatypeProperty">owl:DatatypeProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DatatypeProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DatatypeProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_DatatypeProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_DatatypeProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_DatatypeProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_DeprecatedClass">owl:DeprecatedClass</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DeprecatedClass_syntax">2.3.2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DeprecatedClass_syntax_lite">2.3.1.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_DeprecatedClass_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_DeprecatedClass_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_DeprecatedProperty">owl:DeprecatedProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DeprecatedProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DeprecatedProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_DeprecatedProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_DeprecatedProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_DataRange">owl:DataRange</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_DataRange_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_DataRange_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_DataRange_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_DataRange_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_differentFrom">owl:differentFrom</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_differentFrom_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_differentFrom_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_differentFrom_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_differentFrom_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_differentFrom_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_disjointWith">owl:disjointWith</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_disjointWith_syntax">2.3.2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_disjointWith_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_disjointWith_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_disjointWith_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_distinctMembers">owl:distinctMembers</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_distinctMembers_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_distinctMembers_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_equivalentClass">owl:equivalentClass</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_equivalentClass_syntax">2.3.2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_equivalentClass_syntax_lite">2.3.1.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_equivalentClass_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_equivalentClass_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_equivalentClass_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_equivalentProperty">owl:equivalentProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_equivalentProperty_syntax">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_equivalentProperty_syntax">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_equivalentProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_equivalentProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_equivalentProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_FunctionalProperty">owl:FunctionalProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_FunctionalProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_FunctionalProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_FunctionalProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_FunctionalProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_FunctionalProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_hasValue">owl:hasValue</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_hasValue_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_hasValue_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_hasValue_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_hasValue_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_imports">owl:imports</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_imports_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_imports_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_imports_semantics">3.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_imports_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_imports_rdf">5.4</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_incompatibleWith">owl:incompatibleWith</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_incompatibleWith_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_incompatibleWith_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_incompatibleWith_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_intersectionOf">owl:intersectionOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_intersectionOf_syntax">2.3.2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_intersectionOf_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_intersectionOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_intersectionOf_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_InverseFunctionalProperty">owl:InverseFunctionalProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_InverseFunctionalProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_InverseFunctionalProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_InverseFunctionalProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_InverseFunctionalProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_InverseFunctionalProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_inverseOf">owl:inverseOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_inverseOf_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_inverseOf_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_inverseOf_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_inverseOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_inverseOf_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_maxCardinality">owl:maxCardinality</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_maxCardinality_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_maxCardinality_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_maxCardinality_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_maxCardinality_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_maxCardinality_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_minCardinality">owl:minCardinality</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_minCardinality_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_minCardinality_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_minCardinality_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_minCardinality_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_minCardinality_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_Nothing">owl:Nothing</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Nothing_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_Nothing_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_Nothing_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_Nothing_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_ObjectProperty">owl:ObjectProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_ObjectProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_ObjectProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_ObjectProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_ObjectProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_ObjectProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_oneOf">owl:oneOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_oneOf_syntax">2.3.2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_oneOf_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_oneOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_oneOf_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_onProperty">owl:onProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_onProperty_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_onProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_onProperty_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_onProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_onProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_Ontology">owl:Ontology</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Ontology_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Ontology_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_Ontology_semantics">3.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_Ontology_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_Ontology_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_priorVersion">owl:priorVersion</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_priorVersion_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_priorVersion_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_priorVersion_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_Restriction">owl:Restriction</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Restriction_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Restriction_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_Restriction_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_Restriction_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_Restriction_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_sameAs">owl:sameAs</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_sameAs_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_sameIndividualAs">owl:sameIndividualAs</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_sameIndividualAs_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_sameIndividualAs_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_sameIndividualAs_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_sameIndividualAs_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_sameIndividualAs_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_someValuesFrom">owl:someValuesFrom</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_someValuesFrom_syntax">2.3.2.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_someValuesFrom_syntax_lite">2.3.1.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_someValuesFrom_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_someValuesFrom_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_someValuesFrom_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_SymmetricProperty">owl:SymmetricProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_SymmetricProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_SymmetricProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_SymmetricProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_SymmetricProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_SymmetricProperty_rdf">4.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_Thing">owl:Thing</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Thing_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_Thing_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_Thing_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_Thing_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_Thing_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_TransitiveProperty">owl:TransitiveProperty</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_TransitiveProperty_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_TransitiveProperty_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_TransitiveProperty_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_TransitiveProperty_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_TransitiveProperty_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_unionOf">owl:unionOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_unionOf_syntax">2.3.2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#owl_unionOf_semantics">3.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_unionOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#owl_unionOf_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="owl_versionInfo">owl:versionInfo</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_versionInfo_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#owl_versionInfo_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#owl_versionInfo_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdf_List">rdf:List</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdf_List_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdf_nil">rdf:nil</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdf_nil_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdf_type">rdf:type</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdf_type_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdf_type_syntax">2.2</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#rdf_type_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdf_type_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_comment">rdfs:comment</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_comment_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_comment_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_comment_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_Datatype">rdfs:Datatype</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdfs_Datatype_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_domain">rdfs:domain</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_domain_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_domain_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#rdfs_domain_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_domain_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdfs_domain_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_label">rdfs:label</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_label_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_label_syntax">2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_label_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_Literal">rdfs:Literal</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdfs_Literal_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_range">rdfs:range</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_range_syntax">2.3.2.4</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_range_syntax_lite">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#rdfs_range_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_range_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="rdfs.html#rdfs_range_rdf">5.2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_subClassOf">rdfs:subClassOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_subClassOf_syntax">2.3.2.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_subClassOf_syntax_lite">2.3.1.1</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#rdfs_subClassOf_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_subClassOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index"><a id="rdfs_subPropertyOf">rdfs:subPropertyOf</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_subPropertyOf_syntax">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="syntax.html#rdfs_subPropertyOf_syntax">2.3.1.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="direct.html#rdfs_subPropertyOf_semantics">3.3</a></td>
<td class="index"><a href="mapping.html#rdfs_subPropertyOf_mapping">4.1</a></td>
<td class="index"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr />
<h2><a id="acknowledgments" name="acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></h2>
<p>
The
<a href="http://www.daml.org/committee/">
Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee
</a>
developed DAML+OIL, which is the direct precursor to OWL.
Many of the ideas in DAM+OIL and thus in OWL are also present in the
<a href="http://www.ontoknowledge.org/index.shtml">
Ontology Inference Layer (OIL)</a>.
Many of the other members of the W3C Web Ontology Working Group have had
substantial input into this document.
</p>
<p>
This document is the result of extensive discussions within the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/">Web Ontology Working Group</a>
as a whole. The members of this group working group included:
Yasser al Safadi, Jean-Fran&#231;ois Baget, James Barnette, Sean
Bechhofer, Jonathan Borden, Frederik Brysse, Stephen Buswell, Peter
Crowther, Jos De Roo, David De Roure, Mike Dean, Larry Eshelman,
J&#233;r&#244;me, Dieter Fensel, Tim Finin, Nicholas Gibbins, Pat
Hayes, Jeff Heflin, Ziv Hellman, James Hendler, Bernard Horan,
Masahiro Hori, Ian Horrocks, Francesco Iannuzzelli, Mario Jeckle,
Ruediger Klein, Ora Lassila, Alexander Maedche, Massimo Marchiori,
Deborah McGuinness, Libby Miller, Enrico Motta, Leo Obrst, Laurent
Olivry , Peter Patel-Schneider, Martin Pike, Marwan Sabbouh, Guus
Schreiber, Shimizu Noboru, Michael Sintek, Michael Smith, Ned
Smith, John Stanton, Lynn Andrea Stein, Herman ter Horst, Lynne R.
Thompson, David Trastour, Frank van Harmelen, Raphael Volz, Evan
Wallace, Christopher Welty, and John Yanosy.
</p>
<hr />
<h2><a id="references" name="references">References</a></h2>
<h3><a id="references-normative" name="references-normative">Normative
References</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt><a id="ref-rdfconcepts">[RDF Concepts]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-concepts-20030123/">
Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax</a></cite>.
Graham Klyne and Jeremy J. Carroll, eds.
W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-rdfmt">[RDF MT]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-mt-20030123/">
RDF Semantics</a></cite>.
Patrick Hayes, ed.
W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-rdfsyntax">[RDF Syntax]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-syntax-grammar-20030123/">
RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised)</a></cite>
Dave Beckett, ed.
W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-xml">[XML]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006">
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)</a></cite>.
Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, and Eve Maler, eds.
W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-xmls-datatypes">[XML Schema Datatypes]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-2-20010502/">
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes.</a></cite>.
Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, eds.
W3C Recommendation 02 May 2000.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/">http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
<h3><a id="references-other" name="references-other">Other
References</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt><a id="ref-daml">[DAML+OIL]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-daml+oil-reference-20011218">
DAML+OIL (March 2001) Reference Description</a></cite>.
Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks,
Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein.
W3C Note 18 December 2001.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference">http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-features">[OWL Features]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-owl-features-20020729/">Feature
Synopsis for OWL Lite and OWL</a></cite>.
Deborah L. McGuinness and Frank van Harmelen.
W3C Working Draft 29 July 2002.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-issues">[OWL Issues]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/webont-issues.html">
Web Ontology Issue Status</a></cite>.
Michael K. Smith, ed.
18 December 2002.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-guide">[OWL Guide]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-owl-guide-20021104/">OWL Web
Ontology Language (OWL) Guide Version 1.0</a></cite>.
Michael K. Smith, Deborah McGuinness, Raphael Volz, and Chris Welty.
W3C Working Draft 4 November 2002.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-ref">[OWL Reference]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-owl-ref-20021112/">OWL Web Ontology Language 1.0 Reference</a></cite>.
Mike Dean, Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, James Hendler, Ian Horrocks,
Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein.
W3C Working Draft 12 November 2002.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/">http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-rdfms">[RDFMS]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/">
Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification</a></cite>.
Ora Lassila and Ralph R. Swick, eds.
W3C Recommendation 22 February 1999.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-rdf-schema">[RDF Schema]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-schema-20030123/">
RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema</a></cite>.
Dan Brickley and R. V. Guha, eds.
W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/</a>.
</dd>
<dt><a id="ref-rdf-testcases">[RDF Tests]</a></dt>
<dd>
<cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-testcases-20030123/">
RDF Test Cases</a></cite>.
Jan Grant and Dave Beckett, eds.
W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003.
Latest version is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/">http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
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